GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus Infection: A Favorable Prognostic Factor in Human Immunodeficiency Virus—Infected Patients?

Heringlake, Stefan; Ockenga, Johann; Tillmann, Hans L.; Trautwein, Christian; Meissner, Dörte; Stoll, Matthias; Hunt, Jeffrey C.; Jou, Cynthia; Solomon, Natalie; Schmidt, Reinhold; Manns, Michael P.

doi:10.1086/517431

Cited by 142 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The discovery in 1998 of the possible benefit to survival and slowing of progression to AIDS among HIV infected patients who are co-infected with GBV-C [Heringlake et al, 1998] provided renewed interest in the seemingly harmless GB virus C [Alter et al, 1997;Alter, 2004]. Numerous studies reported a protective effect of GBV-C and HIV co-infection, though a few studies have observed no effect [Tillmann and Manns, 2001;Stapleton et al, 2004].…”

Section: Biological Relevance Of Gbv-c Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A previously unrecognized sixth genotype of GB virus C revealed by analysis of 5′‐untranslated region sequences

Muerhoff

Dawson

Desai

2005

Journal of Medical Virology

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GB virus C (GBV‐C) is a positive‐strand RNA virus that infects a large proportion of the world's human population. It has been classified tentatively as a member of the Flaviviridae family and has been shown to exist as a group of five closely related genotypes. Recently, we reported the first full‐length genome sequence of a genotype 5 isolate from South Africa [Muerhoff et al. (2005): J Gen Virol 86: 1729–1735]. As part of the analysis of that sequence, a phylogenetic tree was elucidated from the 5′‐untranslated region (UTR) that showed excellent congruence to the tree produced by analysis of complete open reading frame sequences. When 5′‐UTR analysis was broadened subsequently to include additional isolates from around the globe, a heretofore unrecognized GBV‐C genotype was discovered in Indonesia. When first reported in 2000 [Handajani et al. (2000): J Clin Microbiol 38:662–668], these isolates were described as constituting a novel fifth genotype. However, comparison to isolates from the then‐known fourth and fifth genotypes (from Myanmar/Vietnam and South Africa, respectively) was not performed. A dataset of 121 GBV‐C 5′‐UTR sequences was complied and included representatives of the fourth and fifth genotypes as well as the “novel” Indonesian sequences and demonstrated, with strong support via bootstrap analysis, the existence of a sixth GBV‐C genotype among infected individuals in Indonesia. The discovery of this sixth genotype emphasizes the diverse nature of GBV‐C isolates and may have important implications for the interpretation of studies involving GBV‐C/HIV co‐infected individuals. J. Med. Virol. 78:105–111, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, inc.

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Section: Biological Relevance Of Gbv-c Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A previously unrecognized sixth genotype of GB virus C revealed by analysis of 5′‐untranslated region sequences

Muerhoff

Dawson

Desai

2005

Journal of Medical Virology

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“…The beneficial effect of the co-infection by the GBV-C/HGV in HIVinfected subjects has been under intense scrutiny and debate over the last few years, after the first demonstration of its protective role by several research groups around the world 6,9,21 . Several studies corroborated these findings 23 while a few others failed to substantiate them 22 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of GBV-C / HVG viremia in HIV-infected women

Silva

Rodrigues

Campos

et al. 2012

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYThe present study aimed at standardizing a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to evaluate the presence of GBV-C/HGV RNA. A "TaqMan" assay using primers and probe derived from the 5′ NCR region was developed and validated. Two hundred and fifty-three plasma samples from HIV-infected women were tested for GBV-C viremia and antibody against the envelope protein 2. GBV-C RNA was detected in 22.5% of the patients whereas the antibody was identified in 25.3% of the cohort. Detection of viral RNA and of antibodies was mutually exclusive. Viral loads showed a mean of 1,777 arbitrary units / mL, being 1.1 and 13,625 arbitrary units / mL respectively the lowest and highest values measured. We conclude that the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method developed is appropriate for the investigation of GBV-C RNA since it was shown to be highly specific and sensitive, as well as requiring few steps, preventing contamination and providing additional information as to the relative viremia of carriers, a parameter that must be included in studies evaluating the co-factors influencing the clinical outcome of HIV/AIDS.

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“…During co-infection of these viruses, progression to AIDS is delayed in some individuals, 10 mortality rate is reduced and longer survival rates observed once AIDS has developed. [11][12][13][14] However, other studies did not report these effects probably due to the different stages of AIDS in the study populations. [15][16][17] In addition, these viruses may have an African origin, 18 but show different degrees of fitness in primates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Molecular epidemiology of GB type C virus among individuals exposed to hepatitis C virus in Cameroon

Torimiro

Wolfe

et al. 2013

Microbiol Res (Pavia)

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GB Virus Type C (GBV-C), a blood-borne flavivirus currently infects about one sixth of the world’s population. Its transmission has been reported through parenteral, sexual and vertical routes. Unusually for RNA viruses, it exhibits a high degree of conservation of the polyprotein sequence. The geographical distribution of GBV-C suggests an African origin and a long-term co-evolution in the human population but without any known pathogenicity. The aim of this study was to describe the different sub-types of this virus in Southern Cameroon. We studied the genetic epidemiology of GBV-C among rural populations where many HIV-1 and HCV genotypes have been identified. Plasma samples of 345 subjects with evidence of HCV exposure were tested for GBV-C infection. To detect GBV-C RNA, reverse transcription followed by a nested PCR of 5’UTR were performed. Direct sequencing and phylogenetic studies using PHYLIP, PAUP* and SimPlot were carried out. In total, 31 GBV-C RNA-positive samples were detected giving a prevalence of 9.0% among HCV-exposed individuals. Phylogenetic analysis of the 5’UTR showed two distinct clusters: Genotype 1 and Genotype 2. Twenty-eight isolates (8.0%) clustered with Genotype 1 and 3 (1.0%) with Genotype 2. More than one genotype of GBV-C is prevalent in Cameroon of which GBV-C Genotype 1 is more common, confirming reports in the literature. Studying the near full-length genome sequences of GBV-C isolates from primates in this region may provide clues of viral recombination, evolution and origin

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GB Virus C/Hepatitis G Virus Infection: A Favorable Prognostic Factor in Human Immunodeficiency Virus—Infected Patients?

Cited by 142 publications

References 14 publications

A previously unrecognized sixth genotype of GB virus C revealed by analysis of 5′‐untranslated region sequences

A previously unrecognized sixth genotype of GB virus C revealed by analysis of 5′‐untranslated region sequences

Evaluation of GBV-C / HVG viremia in HIV-infected women

Molecular epidemiology of GB type C virus among individuals exposed to hepatitis C virus in Cameroon

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