GC–MS analysis and ecotoxicological risk assessment of triclosan, carbamazepine and parabens in Indian rivers

Ramaswamy, Babu Rajendran; Shanmugam, Govindaraj; Velu, Geetha; Rengarajan, Bhuvaneshwari; Larsson, D. G. Joakim

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.12.037

Cited by 341 publications

(132 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Low risks would be expected from the TCS exposure for majority of the basins in China. For comparison with reported TCS concentrations in other countries, we expected high risks for some rivers in the USA (Kolpin et al 2002), Japan (Nakada et al 2008), Indian (Ramaswamy et al 2011), Spain (Villaverde-deSaa et al 2010) and UK (Sabaliunas et al 2003).…”

Section: Aquatic Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 80%

Basin-scale emission and multimedia fate of triclosan in whole China

Zhang

Ying

Chen

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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This study aimed to investigate the emission and multimedia fate as well as potential risks of triclosan (TCS) in all of 58 basins in China. The results showed that the total usage of TCS in whole China was 100 t/year, and the discharge to the receiving environment was estimated to be 66.1 t/year. The predicted TCS concentrations by the level III fugacity model were within an order of magnitude of the reported measured concentrations. TCS (90.8 %) was discharged into the water compartment and 9.2 % to the soil compartment. The TCS concentration levels in east China were found generally higher than in west China. In addition, the input flux for TCS to seawater was largely attributed to the seasonal variations in advection flows. Preliminary risk assessment showed that medium to high ecological risks for TCS would be expected in the eastern part of China due to the high population density.

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Section: Aquatic Risk Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 80%

Basin-scale emission and multimedia fate of triclosan in whole China

Zhang

Ying

Chen

et al. 2015

Environ Sci Pollut Res

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“…4 In a study by Ramaswamy et al high levels of carbamazepine and triclosan were detected in surface waters of Kaveri, Tamiraparani and Vellar rivers of Kerala. 6 Brodin et al showed that exposure of wild European perch (Perca fluviatilis) to oxazepam at concentrations encountered in effluent-influenced surface waters (1.8 µg/L) led to increased activity, reduced sociality, and higher feeding rate. 7 Thomas et al observed that unmetabolized psychoactive pharmaceuticals induce autism-like gene expression patterns in fish, suggesting a new potential trigger for idiopathic autism implicating a source of environmental contamination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Minimizing pharmaceutical waste: The role of the pharmacist

Aditya¹,

Rattan²

2014

J. Young Pharm.

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Leftover and expired drugs, an indirect measure of wasted healthcare resources, reflect lost opportunities to achieve therapeutic outcomes (either due to incorrect choice or noncompliance) and a burden for the environment. In addition, medication waste is costly to national health systems because The questionnaire assessed disposal of leftover and expired drugs by pharmacists and their knowledge of drug disposal by the distributors. The awareness of the correct method of drug disposal, ways to minimize the pharmaceutical waste and extent of dissemination of information about drug disposal to patients was also evaluated. Results: The response rate was 56%. Although majority of the pharmacies have a system to dispose expired and leftover drugs, the knowledge about disposal was found to be incomplete. Most of the leftover drugs belonging to different dosage forms were returned to the distributor. One-third pharmacists did not know the correct method to dispose drugs. Majority of them did not advise patients about disposal of unused drugs. Only 58% believed that improper drug disposal is intimately connected to environmental pollution. Conclusion: Pharmacists have new roles and responsibilities to function as collaborative members of healthcare team by disseminating information about correct ways to dispose unused drugs.

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“…Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has good performance in terms of high separation efficiency and good identification capability. However, the need for derivatization for different classes of biocides has limited the application of GC-MS [23,24]. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) can reduce analysis time and avoid derivatization steps in the determination of biocides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of biocides in different environmental matrices by use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

et al. 2012

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A sensitive and robust method using solid-phase extraction and ultrasonic extraction for preconcentration followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS-MS) has been developed for determination of 19 biocides: eight azole fungicides (climbazole, clotrimazole, ketoconazole, miconazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, thiabendazole, and carbendazim), two insect repellents (N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), and icaridin (also known as picaridin)), three isothiazolinone antifouling agents (1,2-benzisothiazolinone (BIT), 2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolinone (OIT), and 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-isothiazolinone (DCOIT)), four paraben preservatives (methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben), and two disinfectants (triclosan and triclocarban) in surface water, wastewater, sediment, sludge, and soil. Recovery of the target compounds from surface water, influent, effluent, sediment, sludge, and soil was mostly in the range 70-120 %, with corresponding method quantification limits ranging from 0.01 to 0.31 ngL −1 , 0.07 to 7.48 ngL −1 , 0.01 to 3.90 ngL −1 , 0.01 to 0.45 ngg −1 , 0.01 to 6.37 ngg −1 , and 0.01 to 0.73 ngg −1 , respectively. Carbendazim, climbazole, clotrimazole, methylparaben, miconazole, triclocarban, and triclosan were detected at low ngL −1 (or ngg −1 ) levels in surface water, sediment, and sludge-amended soil. Fifteen target compounds were found in influent samples, at concentrations ranging between 0.4 (thiabendazole) and 372 ng L −1 (methylparaben). Fifteen target compounds were found in effluent samples, at concentrations ranging between 0.4 (thiabendazole) and 114 ngL −1 (carbendazim). Ten target compounds were found in dewatered sludge samples, at concentrations ranging between 1.1 (DEET) and 887 ngg −1 (triclocarban).

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GC–MS analysis and ecotoxicological risk assessment of triclosan, carbamazepine and parabens in Indian rivers

Cited by 341 publications

References 42 publications

Basin-scale emission and multimedia fate of triclosan in whole China

Basin-scale emission and multimedia fate of triclosan in whole China

Minimizing pharmaceutical waste: The role of the pharmacist

Determination of biocides in different environmental matrices by use of ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

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