GC-MS study of the performance of different techniques for isolating the volatile fraction from sage (SalviaL.) species, and comparison of seasonal differences in the composition of this fraction

Abstract

Application of chemotaxonomy to the plant kingdom can be regarded as a future challenge to the traditional binomial classification system. Construction of a classification system based on the chemical composition of plants has only recently become possible with the development of sophisticated chromatographic and hyphenated techniques. Successful chemotaxonomy can, however, be achieved only if sufficient experimental evidence is collected confirming the reproducibility of the chemical composition of plant species (irrespective of the specimen, its growing season, location of the collection site, etc.). The objective of this study was to compare, by use of gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS) the efficiency of isolation of volatile compounds from five different Salvia L. (sage) species (S. lavandulifolia, S. staminea, S. hians, S. triloba, and S. nemorosa) by use of four different techniques [head-space extraction at 70 and 80°C, vapour distillation in a Deryng apparatus, and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)]. We also compared the composition of the volatile fractions of these species collected during two different seasons (2007 and 2008). It was established that the composition of the volatile fractions is very dependent on the species considered and, in a much less pronounced way, on the growing season. This statement is valid irrespective of the technique used to isolate the volatile compounds from the plant matrix. The seasonal reproducibility of the compounds regarded as chemotaxonomic markers and chemotaxonomic advice compounds (and the repeated absence of such compounds from a species) makes the volatile fraction suitable for chemotaxonomic evaluation of sage. Finally, it was shown that head-space extraction of the volatile fraction at 70°C was the best extraction technique for the purpose of this study.

Essential Oil Composition, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Salvia staminea

“…In fact, previous works [11,15,[17][18][19] on the essential oils of S. staminea have quite different variation with the present work for the volatile organic compounds.…”

“…Myrcene, linalyl acetate, valencene, spathulenol, β-springene, sclareol, and cyclohexanone in HD, myrcene, linalyl acetate, and E-caryophyllene in SPME and linalyl acetate in HS were found to be major compounds. In the previous studies, the volatile composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of S. stamenia collected from the botanical garden have been studied [11,15] and the major components of the essential oil for S.staminea were mentioned to be α-pinene, camphene, β-pinene, limonene, eucalyptol and β-chamigrene [11,15].…”

“…Sages are among the best-known classes for various biological activities [12][13][14]. A great number of the aromatic taxa make Lamiaceae commercially significant, owing to their aromas, infusions, tinctures, and flavors that are used as resources of herbal products [15]. The genus Salvia is known around the world for their profitable, pharmaceutical, and cultural importance, due to useful essential oils [11,15,16].…”

Composition and Antioxidant, Antienzymatic and Antimicrobial Activities of Volatile Molecules from Spanish Salvia lavandulifolia (Vahl) Essential Oils

“…The most common technique used for the analysis of volatile components is gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) or with a mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS), because these methods provide qualitative and quantitative data, even for complex mixtures, with high sensitivity and resolution. Some studies have reported the relative quantitation of SlEO from other Spanish regions [ 1 , 7 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ] and from other countries (Poland [ 17 ], Germany [ 12 ] and Brazil [ 18 , 19 ]). None of them have studied SlEOs from Murcia nor made a chiral characterization of the EOs from this species.…”

Essential Oil Composition and Antioxidant Activity ofSalvia stamineaBenth. Extracts

“…Its components were totally different with Iranian one and its major components were β-chamigrene (10.12-12.08 %), cadin-3,9-diene (6.30-6.39 %) and α-pinene (2.64-6.36 %) 15 . In some reports on chemical composition of the essential oils belonging to Salvia genus existing in Iran, β-caryophyllene and α-pinene were reported as the main compounds [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] .…”