Gel electrophoretic and liquid chromatographic methods for the identification and authentication of cave and house edible bird's nests from common adulterants

Lee, Ting Hun; Wani, Waseem A.; Poh, Heng Yong; Baig, Umair; Tan, Eddie Ti Tjih; Nashiruddin, Noor Idayu; Ling, Yong Ee; Aziz, Ramlan Abdul

doi:10.1039/c5ay02170g

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…It is known that EBN has its own unique protein pattern. Hun et al . reported the profiling of proteins and adulterants in EBN using SDS‐PAGE analysis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EBN protein was extracted using water extraction method as described previously by Hun et al . with minor modifications.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many researchers have devoted their efforts to investigate biologically active ingredients, especially the polar compounds (PC) (protein, amino acid, and metabolite) and non‐polar compound (NPC) (fatty acids) in EBN . Nevertheless, it is a challenging task to provide a holistic representation of EBN nutrient characteristics, due to the possible influence of place or origin, season and species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, it is a challenging task to provide a holistic representation of EBN nutrient characteristics, due to the possible influence of place or origin, season and species. Hun et al . utilized Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Polyacrylamide gel Electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) and AccQ•Tag method with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the analysis of protein profile and amino acid composition in house and cave EBN .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Polar and Non‐Polar Compounds of House Edible Bird's Nest (EBN) from Johor, Malaysia

Lee

Azmi

et al. 2020

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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and Reactivity (LR11ES39), Team: Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Avenue of Environment, 5019 Monastir, TunisiaThis work investigated the polar (PC: protein, amino acid and metabolite) and non-polar (NPC: fatty acid) compounds and bioactivity characteristics of the EBN harvested from the state of Johor in Malaysia. The electrophoretic gels exhibited 15 protein bands (16-173 kD) with unique protein profile. Amino acids analysis by AccQ·Tag method revealed 18 types of amino acids in EBN. Metabolite profiling was performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (HPLC-QTOF/ MS) technique and a total of 54 compounds belonging to different groups were detected and identified. These findings help to uncover the relation of therapeutic activity of EBN. The EBN was further extracted with AcOEt and BuOH. The AcOEt extract was fractionated into three fractions (F 1 À F 3 ), and the high triglyceride content in F 2 was verified by gC-FID. The three groups of fatty acids discovered in EBN are 48.43 % of poly-unsaturated (PUFA), 25.35 % of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and 24.74 % of mono-unsaturated fat (MUFA). This is the first time to report results ofEBN, BuOH, and AcOEt extracts and of fraction F 2 (TEBN) on their analysis for their antioxidant activities by DPPH, ABTS and catalase assay and for their paraoxonase and anti-tyrosinase activities. The results showed that TEBN exhibited the significant bioactivity in all assays. These findings suggest that TEBN is a good source for natural bioactive compounds in promoting body vigor. Current work widened the content of EBN especially on the triglyceride and also marked the content of specific location (Johor, Malaysia) of EBN origin.[a] IC 50 (mg/mL): the concentration at which 50 % is inhibited. [b] TEBN: Triglycerides of EBN. [c] BHT: butylated hydroxytoluene. [d] u/ mg protein: μmol of H 2 O 2 destroyed/min/mg protein. [e] IU: mM/min. Values were expressed as mean � SD (n = 3), Different letters in columns indicate significant differences among fractions at P < 0.05 (LSD test).

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“…It is known that EBN has its own unique protein pattern. Hun et al . reported the profiling of proteins and adulterants in EBN using SDS‐PAGE analysis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EBN protein was extracted using water extraction method as described previously by Hun et al . with minor modifications.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Characterization of Polar and Non‐Polar Compounds of House Edible Bird's Nest (EBN) from Johor, Malaysia

Lee

Azmi

et al. 2020

Chemistry & Biodiversity

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“…The authentication techniques so far can generally be classified under: microscopy (Marcone 2005;Yang et al 2014), chromatography (Chua et al 2015;Hun et al 2016), spectroscopy (Ma and Liu 2012;Marcone 2005), enzymatic and genomic methods (Yang et al 2014;Zhang et al 2013), and qualitative analysis (Marcone 2005). However, most of the techniques are invasive, require tedious sample preparation, slow and generally not easy to use.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of swiftlet edible bird nest, a mucin glycoprotein, and its adulterants by Raman microspectroscopy

et al. 2016

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Edible bird's nest (EBN) is made from the glutinous salivary secretion of highly concentrated mucin glycoprotein by swiftlets (genus Aerodramus or Collocalia) native to the Indo-Pacific region. The unique Raman spectrum of EBN has vibrational lines that can be assigned to peptides and saccharides in the glycoprotein, and it can be used to screen for adulteration. The common edible adulterants classified into two types. Type I adulterants, such as fish bladder, pork skin, karaya gum, coralline seaweed, agar strips, and tremella fungus, were solids which adhered externally on the surface of the EBN cement. They can usually be detected with a microscope based on differences in the surface structure. Type II adulterants were water soluble substances such as saccharides (e.g., glucose, sucrose), polypeptides (e.g., hydrolyzed collagen) and salts (e.g. monosodium glutamate) which can be readily soaked up by the EBN hydrogel when moist and adsorbed internally in the EBN cement matrix forming a composite upon drying, making them difficult to detect visually. The present study showed that Raman microspectroscopy offers a rapid, non-invasive, and label free technique to detect both Type I and II adulterants in EBN.

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Calcite Deposits Differentiate Cave from House‐Farmed Edible Bird's Nest as shown by SEM‐EDX, ATR‐FTIR and Raman Microspectroscopy

Shim

Lee

2020

Chemistry An Asian Journal

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The difference between the swiftlet white edible bird's nest from limestone caves versus house‐farmed ones, especially in response to high temperature and stewing time in water where the latter type would disintegrate readily, has been a puzzle for a long time. We show that edible bird's nests from the limestone caves have calcite deposits on the surface of the nest cement as compared to the house‐farmed nests which are built by swiftlets on timber planks. The micron and sub‐micron calcite particles are seen in SEM‐EDX and further characterized by ATR‐FTIR and Raman microspectroscopy. The calcite deposits make it possible for the cave nest to retain a gelatinous texture under the harsh retort conditions at 121 °C for 20 mins in commercial bottling. We show that house‐farmed nests can be soaked in CaCl2(aq) followed by rinsing with Na2CO3(aq) to grow the same calcite deposits on the nest cement with the same characteristic as cave nests. Therefore, there should no longer be a need to harvest cave nests, and we can better conserve the dwindling population and natural habitats of cave swiftlets.

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Gel electrophoretic and liquid chromatographic methods for the identification and authentication of cave and house edible bird's nests from common adulterants

Abstract: The increasing demand for edible bird's nest (EBN) have remarkably increased its price.

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Characterization of Polar and Non‐Polar Compounds of House Edible Bird's Nest (EBN) from Johor, Malaysia

Characterization of Polar and Non‐Polar Compounds of House Edible Bird's Nest (EBN) from Johor, Malaysia

Characterization of swiftlet edible bird nest, a mucin glycoprotein, and its adulterants by Raman microspectroscopy

Calcite Deposits Differentiate Cave from House‐Farmed Edible Bird's Nest as shown by SEM‐EDX, ATR‐FTIR and Raman Microspectroscopy

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