Gender Differences in Longitudinal Links between Neighborhood Fear, Parental Support, and Depression among African American Emerging Adults

Assari, Shervin; Smith, Jeffrey A.; Caldwell, Cleopatra Howard; Zimmerman, Marc A.

doi:10.3390/soc5010151

Cited by 101 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…39 Recent experience of discrimination increases risk of smoking among Black men, but not Black women. 63 Similar gender differences in the effects of discrimination are reported for other domains of psychopathology including psychological distress, 37 depressive and anxiety symptoms, 23,24 and major depressive disorder. 61 All these findings collectively suggest that Black males are the most likely victims of discrimination, and a significant proportion of psychopathology in Black males can be attributed to discrimination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…17,22,[33][34][35] In addition to exposure, 17 the intersection of race and gender also alters harmful effects of discrimination. 23,[36][37][38][39] In a short cohort, an increase in discrimination was associated with a subsequent increase in depression of male but not female Blacks, 23 a finding which could be replicated over longer periods. 24 All this evidence suggests that exposure and vulnerability to perceived discrimination are not solely a function of race or gender but their intersection.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…In the United States, race and gender interact and affect exposure and vulnerability to discrimination, with Black men experiencing the highest levels of exposure 36 and vulnerability 23 to discrimination. In a similar pattern, this study showed that interaction of race and gender also contribute in shaping the social patterning of having an implicit bias against Blacks.…”

Section: Assarimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…41 Most of the research on race by gender differences in bias is focused on explicit, rather than implicit bias. 42 While explicit bias results in mental and behavioral health problems, 23,24,43 there is a need to study factors that shape social patterning of implicit bias as well, which influences a wide range of domains such as interaction and quality of health care. [29][30][31][32] The current study was conducted to test race by gender differences in implicit bias against Blacks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…20 Finally, discrimination may increase highrisk behaviors; for example, overt discrimination may result in social isolation and unhealthy behaviors. 5,22 Perceived discrimination increases risk of depression, 23 anxiety, 24 suicide, 25 and substance use. [26][27][28] Implicit bias also influences Blacks' opportunity for employment, education, and health care.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interaction Between Race and Gender and Effect on Implicit Racial Bias Against Blacks

Assari

2018

Int J Epidemiol Res

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Background and aims: Exposure and vulnerability to racial discrimination is not solely a function of race but the intersection of race and gender, with Black men experiencing more discrimination than Black women. This phenomenon is explained by the subordinate male target hypothesis, suggesting that majority men specifically target men of color. If that is the case, implicit bias would be most common among the majority men. The current cross-sectional study investigated race by gender differences in implicit bias against Blacks. Methods: Data came from Harvard University's Project Implicit, an online survey, conducted during 2006-2016. Data included 444 422 implicit association tests (IATs) which were taken by Blacks (n=56 384) and Whites (n=388 038). Using IAT, the dependent variable was implicit bias against Blacks. Independent variables were race, gender, and age. Using SPSS, linear regressions were utilized to test the additive and multiplicative effects of race and gender on implicit bias against Blacks. Results: Race (b = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.38-0.39) and gender (b = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.05-0.05) were associated with IAT score suggesting higher implicit bias against Blacks among Whites and men. A significant interaction was found between race and gender (b = 0.05; 95% CI = 0.04-0.07), suggesting the highest level of implicit bias against Blacks among White men. Conclusion: It is not solely race and gender but their intersection that shapes social distribution of implicit bias against Blacks. This finding extends the previous literature showing that not solely race or gender but their intersection influences exposure to discrimination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

Section: Assarimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interaction Between Race and Gender and Effect on Implicit Racial Bias Against Blacks

Assari

2018

Int J Epidemiol Res

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Contextualizing black emerging adults' perceptions of neighborhood quality

Fike,

Mattis

2023

American J of Comm Psychol

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The ways in which Black emerging adults perceive and evaluate their neighborhoods may be impacted by a host of social and political factors that interplay with their social identities, the social identities of other urban residents, and their time in the area. Early literature on Black emerging adults' perceived neighborhood quality (PNQ) tended to make comparisons to White people and to focus disproportionately on the perceptions of low‐income Black people residing in predominately racial/ethnic minority and underresourced communities. Subsequent work on subjective neighborhood assessment has considered specific features of neighborhoods, such as safety or disorder, but a general sense of the quality of one's neighborhood features is still underexplored. The current study adapts Connerly and Marans' (1985) PNQ model to explore the relations between social identities and locations, neighborhood sociostructural features, time in the area, and PNQ among Black urban‐residing emerging adults. Block‐wise regression results suggest that education and partner status were associated with PNQ. Perceptions of the percentage of Black neighbors and Census Bureau proportions of residents in the zip code who are poor were also associated with PNQ. Length of residence in the neighborhood was marginally associated with PNQ while length of residence in the city/town was not significantly associated with PNQ. For young Black women, combined household income was marginally associated with PNQ, but neighborhood sociostructural features were the strongest contributors to PNQ. In contrast, education was the only significant contributor to PNQ for young Black men. We discuss the ways that the social positions of young Black residents and their neighbors may impact their experiences and evaluations of urban areas.

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Gender, race, and space: A qualitative exploration of young Black women's perceptions of urban neighborhoods

Fike,

Mattis

2024

American J of Comm Psychol

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How people think and feel about their neighborhood impacts the way they think of themselves and their futures. These linkages are especially important to understand in the case of urban‐residing young Black women. Researchers know very little about what contributes to young Black adults' urban neighborhood perceptions and often rely on “expert” definitions of markers of neighborhood quality. These definitions and subsequent explorations of residents' neighborhood assessment have not adequately considered intersecting oppressive systems that structure urban spaces both physically and socially. Further, within‐group diversity of young Black adults based on other social identities, such as gender and class, has gone underexplored in research on residents' neighborhood assessment. We used theory from Black feminist geography and sociology to guide our thematic analysis of interviews with young Black women (N = 9) regarding their urban neighborhood quality. We sought to explore the aspects or features of the neighborhood that young Black women discussed and how social identities may play a role in young Black women's descriptions of their urban neighborhoods. We argue three themes tell an overarching story of young Black women's urban spatial critical analysis: (1) outsiders' perceptions versus our realities, (2) gendered safety, and (3) visibility of young Black women. Young Black women's narratives highlighted communal aspects of neighborhood evaluation and attention to dominant narratives regarding marginalized groups and urban spaces.

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Gender Differences in Longitudinal Links between Neighborhood Fear, Parental Support, and Depression among African American Emerging Adults

Cited by 101 publications

References 69 publications

Interaction Between Race and Gender and Effect on Implicit Racial Bias Against Blacks

Interaction Between Race and Gender and Effect on Implicit Racial Bias Against Blacks

Contextualizing black emerging adults' perceptions of neighborhood quality

Gender, race, and space: A qualitative exploration of young Black women's perceptions of urban neighborhoods

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