Gender in the creation of intellectual property of the selected European Union countries

Abstract

ABSTRACT. The growing importance of gender studies in many disciplines is recently presented in the literature. However, there is no research on gender as the extraordinary source of innovation development. Specifically, patent activity is among the important elements determining the involvement of men and women in the innovation process. The article presents the results of studies focused on the patent inventors' role, both women and men, in development activities of entities belonging to the business enterprise sector. The research objectives were: 1) to capture the statistical picture of inventive activity taking gender into account, and 2) to identify the directions and dynamics of change with regard to the proportion of inventors in the EU member states. The main results shows the increasing role of women rather than man as the inventors of patents in the business enterprise sector of the leading EU countries in a long term.

Agribusiness as an Attractive Place to Work––A Gender Perspective

“…Our study shows that this approach may have different dimensions in relation to gender, i.e., men tend to change jobs frequently and seek to maximise their earnings, while women seek stability and social inclusion. This is also confirmed by the studies of other authors [57][58][59]. On the one hand, representatives of this generation are characterised by confidence, openness and creativity, while on the other, they would also like to quickly attain professional success and rapidly build their careers.…”

Naturaleza Y Efectos De La Política De Patentes en El Régimen De Industrialización Por Sustitución De Importaciones en México Entre 1940-1970

“…Por un lado, los estudios que suelen interpretar las patentes como factores determinantes del desarrollo económico, la «oferta tecnológica», incluida la literatura relativa al crecimiento endógeno (Schumpeter, 1939; Kuznets, 1930; Romer, 1991). Por otro, los estudios que muestran que las patentes siguen o responden a las condiciones económicas como el crecimiento de la producción, la expansión de mercados, las inversiones, etc., o «conducción de demanda», y donde muchos trabajos provienen de la historia económica (Schmookler, 1966; Sokoloff, 1988; Ortíz-Villajos, 1999; Saiz, 1999).…”

“…Un aumento en la protección en el resto de los países atrae más patentes extranjeras, capitales y tecnologías incorporadas, lo que contribuye a la difusión tecnológica en estos países receptores al extenderse actividades de divulgación, innovación e inversión en nuevos conocimientos. Desde la perspectiva de los países desarrollados, la armonización de las políticas de patentes hacia un aumento en la protección trae consigo más beneficios que costes para todos los actores (Saiz, 1999; Ortíz-Villajos, 1999; Khan y Sokoloff, 2001; Moser, 2003; Fink y Maskus, 2005; Sharma y Saxena, 2012).…”

Women, men and creativity in higher education sector – comparative studies of leading EU and ECE countries

“…The results of international empirical comparative studies indicate that, in general, there is a clear statistical pattern that women are less involved than men in the creation of scientific and industrial knowledge, (Larivière, Gingras, Cronin & Sugimoto, 2013;Whittington & Smith-Doerr, 2005;Frietsch, Haller, Funken-Vrohlings, & Grupp, 2009), with the largest proportion of female inventors in the EU observed in Denmark (11.85%), Finland (8.57%), Sweden (7.79%) and Germany (5.24%) (Okoń-Horodyńska, Zachorowska-Mazurkiewicz, Sierotowicz, & Wisła, 2015). The research so far concentrated on simple relations between gender and the number of inventions, mostly in the industrial sector, indicating that there is a gender gap, leaving however the question regarding the significance of this gap for the creativity, open.…”