Gender income gap among physicians and nurses in Peru: a nationwide assessment

Rosas, Victor G. Sal y; Moscoso-Porras, Miguel; Ormeño, Rubén; Artica, Fernando; Bayes, Cristian L.; Miranda, J Jaime

doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(19)30034-8

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Individuals in our cohort under 50 years of age were predominantly female, which may explain their high level of work stress, which is more prevalent among younger individuals. The greater feminization of paramedical staff compared to physicians [ 67 ] may partly explain this difference, but is not exclusive.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The major worldwide stress of healthcare professionals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic – the international COVISTRESS survey

et al. 2021

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Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic has initiated an upheaval in society and has been the cause of considerable stress during this period. Healthcare professionals have been on the front line during this health crisis, particularly paramedical staff. The aim of this study was to assess the high level of stress of healthcare workers during the first wave of the pandemic. Materials and methods The COVISTRESS international study is a questionnaire disseminated online collecting demographic and stress-related data over the globe, during the pandemic. Stress levels were evaluated using non-calibrated visual analog scale, from 0 (no stress) to 100 (maximal stress). Results Among the 13,537 individuals from 44 countries who completed the survey from January to June 2020, we included 10,051 workers (including 1379 healthcare workers, 631 medical doctors and 748 paramedical staff). The stress levels during the first wave of the pandemic were 57.8 ± 33 in the whole cohort, 65.3 ± 29.1 in medical doctors, and 73.6 ± 27.7 in paramedical staff. Healthcare professionals and especially paramedical staff had the highest levels of stress (p < 0.001 vs non-healthcare workers). Across all occupational categories, women had systematically significantly higher levels of work-related stress than men (p < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between age and stress level (r = -0.098, p < 0.001). Healthcare professionals demonstrated an increased risk of very-high stress levels (>80) compared to other workers (OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.87–2.41). Paramedical staff risk for very-high levels of stress was higher than doctors’ (1.88, 1.50–2.34). The risk of high levels of stress also increased in women (1.83, 1.61–2.09; p < 0.001 vs. men) and in people aged <50 (1.45, 1.26–1.66; p < 0.001 vs. aged >50). Conclusions The first wave of the pandemic was a major stressful event for healthcare workers, especially paramedical staff. Among individuals, women were the most at risk while age was a protective factor.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The major worldwide stress of healthcare professionals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic – the international COVISTRESS survey

et al. 2021

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“…It is well established that a sex pay gap exists across many medical specialties. 12 - 18 The sex pay gap in dermatology has been previously noted in U.S.-based studies; however, data are often limited to specific populations with limited data on confounding factors that may contribute to sex-based salary gaps. 25 - 27 Furthermore, the impact of clinical practice patterns of dermatologists on sex-based pay disparities has not been explored in depth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…10,11 Similar disparities in remuneration of females and males have been also noted amongst other surgical and medical specialties in several countries during the last decade. [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] The pay gap is evident despite the growing feminization of the physician workforce over the past decades. 1 It has been argued that these differences in part may be explained by specialization, work hours, and productivity, 19 which may misleadingly provide justification for these outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in Practice Patterns and Payments for Female and Male Dermatologists: A Canadian Population-Based Study Over 3 Decades

et al. 2022

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Background Canada’s fee-for-service physician reimbursement system, where a set rate is provided for each service, suggests that a physician sex pay gap should not exist. However, recent evidence has questioned this presumption. Objectives To characterize trends in demographics and billing, overall and by sex, for dermatologists compared to other medical and surgical specialty groups in Ontario, Canada. Methods Using population-based data, analysis of physician billing and clinical activity from Ontario, Canada, over 27 years (1992-2018) was performed. Multilevel regression models were used to examine unadjusted and adjusted differences in payments between females and males over time, while controlling for age, distinct patients seen, patient visits, and full-time equivalent. Results A total of 22 389 physicians were included in the analyses, including 381 dermatologists. The proportion of female dermatologists increased from 32% in 1992 to 46% in 2018. Dermatologists’ median Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) payments were $415 340 (IQR: 285 630-566 580) in 1992 compared to $296 750 (IQR: 164 480-493 180) in 2018. Male dermatologists’ OHIP payments were 20% more than their female counterparts across the entire study period. After adjusting for practice volumes, there was no significant pay gap amongst female and male dermatologists ( P = .42); however, the sex pay gap remained significant for the other specialty groups ( P < .001). From 1992 to 2018, dermatologists on average saw 19% fewer distinct patients per year and 15% fewer visits per patient. Conclusions The overall sex pay gap within medical dermatology can be attributed to differences in practice patterns, whereas the sex pay gap remained significant in the other specialty groups.

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“…Women face more structural barriers and unequal expectations than do men. Women are also underrepresented in senior positions in both health systems and the political realm in most countries of the world (3)(4)(5).…”

Section: Leadership In Nursing: Why Should We Discuss It?mentioning

confidence: 99%