Gendered Genital Modifications (GGMo): a universalistic anthropological approach. Response to Catalan and Emilova

Child genital cutting and surgery across cultures, sex, and gender. Part 2: assessing consent and medical necessity in “endosex” modifications

“…However, regardless of medicalization, a major purpose or effect of these practices-whether involving intersex or endosex bodies-is to reshape a person's sexual anatomy so as to bring it into greater alignment with locally prevailing gender norms (i.e., what is socially prescribed for members of one's designated sex category in a given culture, including ideals relating to genital function and appearance) [13][14][15]. Accordingly, one contributor proposes to describe all such practices-irrespective of their relative prevalence, familiarity, or acceptability in the Global North or South-as "gendered genital modifications" (GGMs) [16,17].…”