“…This method has been used to introduce DNA into mouse skin (Titomirov et al, 1991), chicken embryos (Muramatsu et al, 1997), rat liver (Heller et al, 1996;Suzuki et al, 1998), mouse tumors (Rols et al, 1998;Goto et al, 2000), rat brain (Nishi et al, 1996), and rat corneal epithelium (Oshima et al, 1998). We and others have in addition demonstrated that the efficiency of transduction on plasmid delivery can be dramatically increased by applying an electric field to the muscle fibers subsequent to local DNA injection (Aihara and Miyazaki, 1998;Mir et al, 1998Mir et al, , 1999Mathiesen, 1999;Rizzuto et al, 1999;Vicat et al, 2000).…”