Gene polymorphisms in periodontitis. Overview

Abstract

Today, it is known that pathogenic bacteria are the key factors for the initiation of periodontal disease, but the host response and the severity of clinical expression are largely determined by genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. There is evidence that the individual response to the environment and variations in the immune response in periodontitis are associated with genetic factors. Of particular interest are the polymorphisms of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) genes and the factors that determine the production of these cytokines, since they play an important role in the pathophysiology of inflammation and in particular, in periodontal diseases. The identification of a specific IL-1 family genotype which correlates with the severity of periodontitis, demonstrates that it is genetic mechanisms that determine the intensity of immunoinflammatory response in different individuals (and hence, the severity of periodontal disease) due to the presence and persistence of bacterial plaque. This mini-review focuses on the current state of knowledge of genetic polymorphisms in patients with chronic periodontitis. Extensive studies on genetic factors in chronic periodontitis raise hopes for the identification of determinants related to disease susceptibility and improved diagnosis and treatment of chronic periodontitis, as well as prediction of disease progression.

The Potential Role of Epigenetic Modifications on Different Facets in the Periodontal Pathogenesis

“…As the primary response to pathogens in our innate immune system is mainly triggered by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), a lot of research has noted that polymorphisms in TLRs genes were associated with PD [22][23][24] (Figure 3). ity [17][18][19]. Defensins are antimicrobial peptides, crucial components of innate immunity, and extensively present in our oral environment.…”

“…It was observed that allelic variants at multiple genetic loci probably influence its susceptibility [ 16 ]. Many reports have demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokines play a significant role in the pathogenesis of PD and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in their genes were strongly linked to the risk for the disease and its severity [ 17 , 18 , 19 ]. Defensins are antimicrobial peptides, crucial components of innate immunity, and extensively present in our oral environment.…”

The genetic determinants of oral diseases in Africa: The gaps should be filled

“…In particular, genes encoding for mediators involved in host immunity and metabolism such as cytokines and cell-surface receptors ( 72 ). Any dysregulation in genetic expression of these mediators might result in persistent destructive inflammation of the periodontium and the development of periodontitis ( 73 ). Accordingly, the association of particular SNPs with periodontitis differs among various populations and ethnic groups ( 67 ).…”

Asociación del polimorfismo genético de la interleucina -1beta con periodontitis crónica en adultos peruanos

“…Aunque, comercialmente, existen pruebas que determinan la susceptibilidad de los pacientes a desarrollar periodontitis basados en polimorfismos de la IL-1B; la especificidad de los marcadores genéticos asociados con el incremento de la producción de la IL-1β sigue siendo de interés para la comunidad científica, debido a su correlación con la gravedad de la periodontitis; y a que aún no es claro el mecanismo y la influencia de factores tales como la etnicidad sobre la especificidad y sensibilidad de estas pruebas (8) ; dado que estas han sido evaluados sólo en ciertos grupos poblacionales (9) .…”