General and host-associated bacterial indicators of faecal pollution

Harwood, Valerie J.; Shanks, Orin C.; Korajkic, Asja; Verbyla, Matthew E.; Ahmed, Warish; Iriarte, Mercedes

doi:10.14321/waterpathogens.6

Cited by 22 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…FIB are a heterogeneous group of bacterial taxa defined by phenotypic characteristics that allow for their selective detection and quantification. They are total coliforms, thermostable (also known as faecal) coliforms, E. coli, enterococci (also known as faecal streptococci) and spores of sulphite-reducing clostridia (Fujioka 2002;NRC (WHO 2001;Fujioka 2002;NRC 2004;Harwood et al 2018). Most of these methods are culture dependent.…”

Section: Faecal Indicator Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Feasible and cost-effective presence/absence and quantitative (double-layer plaque assay) methods standardized by regulatory agencies (ISO, USEPA) and associations (i.e. Standard Methods) are available (Jofre et al 2016;McMinn et al 2017;Harwood et al 2018). These methods are mostly characterized by the use of certain bacterial host strains.…”

Section: Viral Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…are available worldwide (WHO ; Fujioka ; NRC ; Harwood et al . ). Most of these methods are culture dependent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…; Harwood et al . ). These methods are mostly characterized by the use of certain bacterial host strains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Pathogens, faecal indicators and human-specific microbial source-tracking markers in sewage

et al. 2019

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Summary The objective of this review is to assess the current state of knowledge of pathogens, general faecal indicators and human‐specific microbial source tracking markers in sewage. Most of the microbes present in sewage are from the microbiota of the human gut, including pathogens. Bacteria and viruses are the most abundant groups of microbes in the human gut microbiota. Most reports on this topic show that raw sewage microbiological profiles reflect the human gut microbiota. Human and animal faeces share many commensal microbes as well as pathogens. Faecal‐orally transmitted pathogens constitute a serious public health problem that can be minimized through sanitation. Assessing both the sanitation processes and the contribution of sewage to the faecal contamination of water bodies requires knowledge of the content of pathogens in sewage, microbes indicating general faecal contamination and microbes that are only present in human faecal remains, which are known as the human‐specific microbial source‐tracking (MST) markers. Detection of pathogens would be the ideal option for managing sanitation and determining the microbiological quality of waters contaminated by sewage; but at present, this is neither practical nor feasible in routine testing. Traditionally, faecal indicator bacteria have been used as surrogate indicators of general faecal residues. However, in many water management circumstances, it becomes necessary to detect both the origin of faecal contamination, for which MST is paramount, and live micro‐organisms, for which molecular methods are not suitable. The presence and concentrations of pathogens, general faecal indicators and human‐specific MST markers most frequently reported in different areas of the world are summarized in this review.

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Section: Faecal Indicator Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Viral Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pathogens, faecal indicators and human-specific microbial source-tracking markers in sewage

et al. 2019

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“…Identification of diffuse fecal pollution sources can be a significant component for water quality safety management, but currently represents a key challenge for many authorities, especially in mixed use watersheds with agricultural, wildlife, and residential areas. Advances in applied molecular biology now offer tools that can estimate the concentration of human and other animal fecal pollution sources in a water sample [for review see (Harwood et al, 2017)]. However, it is important to note that the successful identification of diffuse fecal pollution sources requires more than host-associated qPCR measurements.…”

Section: Implications For Water Quality Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%