Generalization of extinction gradients: A systematic analysis.

Dubin, William J.; Levis, Donald J.

doi:10.1037/h0035531

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Supporting this prediction, some prior studies have yielded evidence for generalization of extinction across CSs (Pavlov, 1927; Dubin and Levis, 1974). However, other studies have reported that responding diminishes selectively to the extinguished CS and not other CSs (Bouton and King, 1983; Holland and Lamare, 1984; Richards and Sargent, 1984).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Reinstatement of extinguished fear by an unextinguished conditional stimulus

Halladay

Zelikowsky

Blair

et al. 2012

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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Anxiety disorders are often treated using extinction-based exposure therapy, but relapse is common and can occur as a result of reinstatement, whereby an aversive “trigger” can reinstate extinguished fear. Animal models of reinstatement commonly utilize a Pavlovian fear conditioning procedure, in which subjects are first trained to fear a conditional stimulus (CS) by pairing it with an aversive unconditional stimulus (US), and then extinguished by repeated presentations of the CS alone. Reinstatement is typically induced by exposing subjects to an aversive US after extinction, but here we show that exposure to a non-extinguished CS can reinstate conditional fear responding to an extinguished CS, a phenomenon we refer to as “conditional reinstatement” (CRI). Rats were trained to fear two CSs (light and tone) and subsequently underwent extinction training to only one CS (counterbalanced). Presenting the unextinguished CS (but not a novel cue) immediately after extinction reinstated conditional fear responding to the extinguished CS in a test session given 24 h later. These findings indicate that reinstatement of extinguished fear can be triggered by exposure to conditional as well as unconditional aversive stimuli, and this may help to explain why relapse is common following clinical extinction therapy in humans. Further study of CRI using animal models may prove useful for developing refined extinction therapies that are more resistant to reinstatement.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

Reinstatement of extinguished fear by an unextinguished conditional stimulus

Halladay

Zelikowsky

Blair

et al. 2012

Front. Behav. Neurosci.

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“…The use of a different duration CS+ during extinction would result in a generalization gradient at extinction re-test: the less similar the extinction CS+ duration was to the acquisition CS+ duration, the less effective extinction will be at reducing responding at re-test (extinction re-test generalization decrement: attenuated reduction in responding due to generalization). Such generalization gradients for extinction performance and re-test have been shown in appetitive paradigms using auditory tones of different frequencies (as opposed to different durations) (e.g., Dubin & Levis, 1973). A similar pattern has also been observed in human fear conditioning using geometric shapes as CSs (Vervliet, Vansteenwegen, & Eelen, 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 61%

Human fear conditioning and extinction: Timing is everything…or is it?

Prenoveau

Craske

Liao

et al. 2013

Biological Psychology

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A differential fear conditioning paradigm was used with 107 healthy undergraduate participants to evaluate the effect of conditioned stimulus (CS) temporal properties on fear acquisition and extinction. Two minute duration CSs were used for Day 1 fear acquisition. Participants were randomized to receive either 1, 2, or 4 minute CS durations during Day 2 extinction. Extinction re-test was examined on Day 3 using the original acquisition CS duration (2 minutes). Findings indicated that participants who were aware of the CS+/unconditioned stimulus (US) contingency (n=52) develop a temporal expectation about when the unconditioned stimulus will be delivered. Although the shorter duration CS resulted in greater fear reduction during extinction, cessation of fear responding at re-test was the same for CS extinction durations ranging from half the CS acquisition duration to twice the CS acquisition duration. Thus, extinction performance did not predict extinction at re-test, which could have important implications for optimizing exposure therapy for anxiety disorders.

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“…Subjects extinguished on cues shorter than the training duration never experience the full training duration in extinction. Dubin and Levis (1973) reported a similar, but more symmetric, transfer pattern when the similarity of the training and extinction cue was varied in another way. In their study the frequency of a tone CS was varied between training and extinction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…Changes in other features of the CS have a similar effect. The design of the current experiments is very similar to that of Dubin and Levis (1973), who studied the effect of varying the frequency of a tone CS between training and extinction. They found that such changes reduced the amount of responding during the extinction treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Specificity of Extinction in Autoshaping.

Drew¹,

Yang²,

Ohyama³

et al. 2004

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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Three experiments investigated the effects of varying the conditioned stimulus (CS) duration between training and extinction. Ring doves (Streptopelia risoria) were autoshaped on a fixed CS-unconditioned stimulus (US) interval and extinguished with CS presentations that were longer, shorter, or the same as the training duration. During a subsequent test session, the training CS duration was reintroduced. Results suggest that the cessation of responding during an extinction session is controlled by generalization of excitation between the training and extinction CSs and by the number of nonreinforced CS presentations. Transfer of extinction to the training CS is controlled by the similarity between the extinction and training CSs. Extinction learning is temporally specific.

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Generalization of extinction gradients: A systematic analysis.

Cited by 15 publications

References 9 publications

Reinstatement of extinguished fear by an unextinguished conditional stimulus

Reinstatement of extinguished fear by an unextinguished conditional stimulus

Human fear conditioning and extinction: Timing is everything…or is it?

Temporal Specificity of Extinction in Autoshaping.

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