2009
DOI: 10.1021/ac9014319
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Generation and Mixing of Subfemtoliter Aqueous Droplets On Demand

Abstract: We describe a novel method of generating monodisperse subfemtoliter aqueous droplets on demand by means of piezoelectric injection. Droplets with volumes down to 200 aL are generated by this technique. The droplets are injected into a low refractive index perfluorocarbon so that they can be optically trapped. We demonstrate the use of optical tweezers to manipulate and mix droplets. For example, using optical tweezers we bring two droplets, one containing a calcium sensitive dye and the other calcium chloride,… Show more

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Cited by 20 publications
(15 citation statements)
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“…This is in contrast with direct droplet dispensing techniques (e.g., HP/Tecan above). On chip DoD generation utilizes an array of mechanisms (i) integrated mechanical microvalves, 23 micropumps 24 or piezo-based pressure modulators, 25,26 (ii) external pressure control from off-chip valves, 19 (iii) electrokinetic impulses to control droplet formation, 27 (iv) electrowetting based control of droplet formation, 7,8 (v) electrochemical gas formation or laser-induced cavitation 28 to drive droplet expulsion, (vi) electrorheological control of ferrofluid spacers to control droplet formation, 29 (vii) ultrasound for nanoliter droplet ejection, 26 and (viii) electro-hydrodynamic droplet printing 30 especially in-chip. 31 Of special note is the kHz frequency picoinjector technique 27 that requires electronic integration on chip with 30 V drivers for each channel, operating via electrical droplet interface destabilization, and achieving rms injection variations of about 25% at 1 pl volumes.…”
Section: -1058/2015/9(1)/014119/17mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This is in contrast with direct droplet dispensing techniques (e.g., HP/Tecan above). On chip DoD generation utilizes an array of mechanisms (i) integrated mechanical microvalves, 23 micropumps 24 or piezo-based pressure modulators, 25,26 (ii) external pressure control from off-chip valves, 19 (iii) electrokinetic impulses to control droplet formation, 27 (iv) electrowetting based control of droplet formation, 7,8 (v) electrochemical gas formation or laser-induced cavitation 28 to drive droplet expulsion, (vi) electrorheological control of ferrofluid spacers to control droplet formation, 29 (vii) ultrasound for nanoliter droplet ejection, 26 and (viii) electro-hydrodynamic droplet printing 30 especially in-chip. 31 Of special note is the kHz frequency picoinjector technique 27 that requires electronic integration on chip with 30 V drivers for each channel, operating via electrical droplet interface destabilization, and achieving rms injection variations of about 25% at 1 pl volumes.…”
Section: -1058/2015/9(1)/014119/17mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Two common candidates for molecular confinement are droplets 3 and liposomes; 4 their relative merits have been discussed elsewhere. 5 It has long been assumed that confinement does not perturb FRET measurements; here we test that assumption for molecules confined in water-in-perfluorinated-liquid nanodroplets.The Stokes-Einstein diffusivity for a spherical particle is D ¼ k B T/6pgr, where r is the hydrodynamic radius of the particle, k B is the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and g is the dynamic viscosity. The dwell time s / w 2 /D where w is the waist of the confocal detection volume (260 nm), so that s scales with the radius of the particle and the viscosity of the medium.…”
mentioning
confidence: 94%
“…Two common candidates for molecular confinement are droplets 3 and liposomes; 4 their relative merits have been discussed elsewhere. 5 It has long been assumed that confinement does not perturb FRET measurements; here we test that assumption for molecules confined in water-in-perfluorinated-liquid nanodroplets.…”
mentioning
confidence: 94%
“…1–5 Numerous techniques have been developed to pump, switch, and isolate fluids in microfluidic channel networks via on-chip or off-chip control, including solenoids, 6 various types of injectors, 79 metal screws and pin-valves, 6, 10 as well as single-layer 1113 and multilayer membrane valves. 14 Amongst these, multilayer membrane valves (MLMV) are the method of choice when rapid and complete sealing of channels is necessary.…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%