Generation of optical frequency combs in fibres

Zajnulina, Marina; Boggio, J.M. Chávez; Rieznik, A. A.; Haynes, Roger; Roth, M. M.

doi:10.1117/12.2017167

Cited by 4 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…1 [15][16][17][18] . The generation of an OFC starts with two independent and free-running CW lasers that have equal intensity and feature relative frequency stability of 10 -8 over one-hour time frame sufficient for astronomical applications in the low-and medium-resolution range.…”

Section: Mathematical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Soliton radiation beat analysis of optical pulses generated from two continuous-wave lasers

Zajnulina

Böhm

Blow

et al. 2015

Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science

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We propose a fibre-based approach for generation of optical frequency combs (OFC) with the aim of calibration of astronomical spectrographs in the low and medium-resolution range. This approach includes two steps: in the first step, an appropriate state of optical pulses is generated and subsequently moulded in the second step delivering the desired OFC. More precisely, the first step is realised by injection of two continuous-wave (CW) lasers into a conventional single-mode fibre, whereas the second step generates a broad OFC by using the optical solitons generated in step one as initial condition. We investigate the conversion of a bichromatic input wave produced by two initial CW lasers into a train of optical solitons which happens in the fibre used as step one. Especially, we are interested in the soliton content of the pulses created in this fibre. For that, we study different initial conditions (a single cosine-hump, an Akhmediev breather, and a deeply modulated bichromatic wave) by means of Soliton Radiation Beat Analysis and compare the results to draw conclusion about the soliton content of the state generated in the first step. In case of a deeply modulated bichromatic wave, we observed the formation of a collective soliton crystal for low input powers and the appearance of separated solitons for high input powers. An intermediate state showing the features of both, the soliton crystal and the separated solitons, turned out to be most suitable for the generation of OFC for the purpose of calibration of astronomical spectrographs.Optical frequency combs constitute a discrete optical spectrum with lines that are equidistantly positioned. Frequency combs generated in modelocked lasers have been proposed and already successfully tested as calibration sources for high-resolution astronomical spectrographs. However, there is a variety of novel astronomical instruments that operate in the low-and medium resolution range. They also would profit from the deployment of frequency combs as calibration marks. We propose a fibre-based approach for optical frequency comb generation that is specifically suitable for spectrographs with low and medium resolution. This approach consists of two fibres fed with two continuouswave lasers. To be able to generate broadband, stable, and low-noise frequency combs, we need to understand the optical pulse formation in different fibre stages. In this paper, we focus our attention on the pulse build-up in the first fibre stage of the proposed approach and study it numerically by means of the Soliton Radiation Beat Analysis.

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Section: Mathematical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2(B)) [35][36][37][38] The initial condition of the case we are actually interested in (radiation of two CW lasers) is described by (FIG. 2(C)) [15][16][17][18] :…”

Section: Mathematical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soliton radiation beat analysis of optical pulses generated from two continuous-wave lasers

Zajnulina

Böhm

Blow

et al. 2015

Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science

Self Cite

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“…Fig. 1 shows the schematic representation of the experimental setup for generation of OFC for spectral calibration of astronomical spectrographs in the low-and medium resolution range [25,26,27,28,29]. In this figure, A is a conventional single-mode fibre, whereas B is a suitably pumped Erbiumdoped fibre with anomalous dispersion.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics and stability of soliton crystals in optical fibres for the purpose of optical frequency comb generation

Zajnulina

Böhm

Blow

et al. 2017

Optics Communications

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We study the properties of a soliton crystal, an bound state of several optical pulses that propagate with a fixed temporal separation through the optical fibres of the proposed approach for generation of optical frequency combs (OFC) for astronomical spectrograph calibration. This approach -also being suitable for subpicosecond pulse generation for other applications -consists of a conventional single-mode fibre and a suitably pumped Erbium-doped fibre. Two continuous-wave lasers are used as light source. The soliton crystal arises out of the initial deeply modulated laser field at low input powers; for higher input powers, it dissolves into free solitons. We study the soliton crystal build-up in the first fibre stage with respect to different fibre parameters (group-velocity dispersion, nonlinearity, and optical losses) and to the light source characteristics (laser frequency separation and intensity difference). We show that the soliton crystal can be described by two quantities, its fundamental frequency and the laser power-threshold at which the crystal dissolves into free solitons. The soliton crystal exhibits features of a linear and nonlinear optical pattern at the same time and is insensitive to the initial laser power fluctuations. We perform our studies using the numerical technique called Soliton Radiation Beat Analysis.

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“…We numerically investigate the four-wave mixing cascade approach with the particularity that it involves a long piece of an erbium-doped fibre with anomalous dispersion where strong pulse compression based on the higher-order soliton compression takes place [31,32,33]. We focus the analysis on how the quality of the compression and the pulse pedestal build-up depend on the input power, laser frequency separation, and group-velocity dispersion of the first fibre.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Generation of optical frequency combs via four-wave mixing processes for low-and medium-resolution astronomy in the co-moving frame [31,32,48,38,51]:…”

Section: Generalised Nonlinear Schrödinger Equationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Generation of optical frequency combs via four-wave mixing processes for low- and medium-resolution astronomy

et al. 2015

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We investigate the generation of optical frequency combs through a cascade of four-wave mixing processes in nonlinear fibres with optimised parameters. The initial optical field consists of two continuous-wave lasers with frequency separation larger than 40 GHz (312.7 pm at 1531 nm). It propagates through three nonlinear fibres. The first fibre serves to pulse shape the initial sinusoidal-square pulse, while a strong pulse compression down to sub-100 fs takes place in the second fibre which is an amplifying erbium-doped fibre. The last stage is a low-dispersion highly nonlinear fibre where the frequency comb bandwidth is increased and the line intensity is equalised. We model this system using the generalised nonlinear Schrödinger equation and investigate it in terms of fibre lengths, fibre dispersion, laser frequency separation and input powers with the aim to minimise the frequency comb noise. With the support of the numerical results, a frequency comb is experimentally generated, first in the near infra-red and then it is frequency-doubled into the visible spectral range. Using a MUSE-type spectrograph, we evaluate the comb performance for astronomical wavelength calibration in terms of equidistancy of the comb lines and their stability.

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Generation of optical frequency combs in fibres

Cited by 4 publications

References 17 publications

Soliton radiation beat analysis of optical pulses generated from two continuous-wave lasers

Soliton radiation beat analysis of optical pulses generated from two continuous-wave lasers

Characteristics and stability of soliton crystals in optical fibres for the purpose of optical frequency comb generation

Generation of optical frequency combs via four-wave mixing processes for low- and medium-resolution astronomy

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