“…Finally, half of the class expressed a strong willingness to continue using AI (50%), while a minority believed they might use AI tools in the future (29.2%), and a very small fraction indicated they might not or would not use AI tools (16.7% and 4.2%). Furthermore, AI tools are generally classified based on their conceptual definitions and applications into generative AI (or text-to-image generators) [75,76], such as Midjourney, Stable Diffusion, DALL-E, and conversational AI (or chatbots) [77,78], such as ChatGPT. In this study, AI tools are categorized into general AI (e.g., ChatGPT), designassistive AI (e.g., Stable Diffusion), and expressive-assistive AI (e.g., Midjourney and illustrated in Figure 9, general AI was generally used during the architectural programming stage, especially in the decision-making phase.…”