Genes identified by an expression screen of the vector mosquito
            <i>Anopheles gambiae</i>
            display differential molecular immune response to malaria parasites and bacteria

Oduol, Frederick; Xu, Jianchu; Niaré, Oumou; Natarajan, Ramya; Vernick, Kenneth D.

doi:10.1073/pnas.180060997

Cited by 129 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…Anopheles gambiae TEP 1 serves as complementlike opsonin and promotes phagocytosis of some Gram-negative bacteria in a mosquito cell line (21). In Anopheles, particular TEPs were strongly induced during bacterial infection, and the parasite Plasmodium caused a sustained induction throughout its life cycle in the vector (22,23). The presence in Drosophila and Anopheles of several proteins with structural characteristics similar to those of complement component C3 suggests a common evolutionary pathway.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A proteomic approach for the analysis of instantly released wound and immune proteins in Drosophila melanogaster hemolymph

Vierstraete

Verleyen

Baggerman

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

138

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Insects respond to microbial infection by the rapid and transient expression of several genes encoding antibacterial peptides. In this paper we describe a powerful technique, two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis, that, when combined with mass spectrometry, can be used to study the immune response of Drosophila melanogaster at the protein level. By comparatively analyzing the hemolymph proteome of 2,000 third-instar Drosophila larvae, we identified 10 differential proteins that appear in the fruit fly hemolymph very early after an immune-challenge with lipopolysaccharides. These proteins can be assigned to the immune response, because they are not induced after sterile injury. Reduction of intergel variability or quantification problems related to conventional two-dimensional electrophoresis and improvement of image analysis were achieved by the use of two fluorescent dyes to label the two different protein samples. Some of the immune-induced proteins, such as thioestercontaining protein 2, can be assigned to specific aspects of the immune response; others were already reported as being involved in stress response. An immune-induced protein (CG18594) is homologous to a mammalian serine protease inhibitor that mediates the mitogen-activated protein kinase and the NF-B signaling pathways. In addition, a number of proteins that had not been associated with the immune response before were isolated and identified, and some of these were still present in the hemolymph 4 h after injury. Determining the function of all of these immune-induced proteins represents an exciting challenge for increasing our knowledge of insect immunity.immune response proteins ͉ two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis ͉ stress response ͉ secretome ͉ innate immunity

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A proteomic approach for the analysis of instantly released wound and immune proteins in Drosophila melanogaster hemolymph

Vierstraete

Verleyen

Baggerman

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

138

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“…This role was suggested by two previous discoveries: the presence of TH cDNA in a pool of immune induced cDNAs from the hemocytes of G. mellonella (Seitz et al, 2003) and microarray data that suggested slight upregulation (~ 2 fold) of TH in D. melanogaster in response to septic injury (De Gregorio et al, 2001). However, other microarray studies of immune related genes in insects have not detected upregulation of TH (Oduol et al, 2000;Irving et al, 2001;Aquilar et al, 2005). In all of these microarray studies, RNAs from whole insects were analyzed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of tyrosine hydroxylase from Manduca sexta

Gorman

Kanost

2007

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

117

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In insects, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) is required for tanning of newly formed cuticle and the production of melanin during some types of immune responses. DOPA is produced by the hydroxylation of tyrosine, and this reaction can be catalyzed by two types of enzymes: tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and phenoloxidase (PO). TH is required for cuticle tanning in Drosophila melanogaster and for cuticle pigmentation in other insect species, but additional functions of TH have been uncertain. In contrast, an immune function for PO has been well documented. The goal of this study was to characterize TH from Manduca sexta with a focus on its possible contribution to cuticle tanning and immune-associated melanization. We cloned a full length TH cDNA, purified recombinant TH, and confirmed that MsTH and MsPO have tyrosine hydroxylating activity. To determine possible functions, we analyzed TH expression profiles. TH mRNA and protein were present in eggs at the stage when the pharate larval cuticle begins to tan and also in the integument of molting larvae. The amount of TH in the integument was correlated with the degree of cuticle tanning. Unlike PO, which was found to be constitutively expressed by hemocytes and was present in plasma, TH was upregulated in hemocytes and the fat body in response to an immune challenge and remained intracellular. These data suggest that TH is required for cuticle tanning and immunity in M. sexta. Based on the collective information from many studies, we propose a model in which TH is a major producer of the DOPA required for both cuticle tanning and immune-associated melanization.

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“…Proteome analysis of Plasmodium falciparum has identified a large number of proteins expressed in gametocytes and gametes (5,6). Recent studies have begun to characterize the activation of mosquito innate immune responses during the course of Plasmodium development in the midgut (7)(8)(9)(10)(11). With the long term goal of understanding the molecular mechanisms that drive Plasmodium differentiation, we constructed cDNA libraries enriched for Plasmodium and Anopheles transcripts induced during early parasite development in the mosquito.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Plasmodium and Anopheles Transcriptional Repertoire during Ookinete Development and Midgut Invasion

Abraham

Islam

Srinivasan

et al. 2004

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, has to undergo sexual differentiation and development in anopheline mosquitoes for transmission to occur. To isolate genes specifically induced in both organisms during the early stages of Plasmodium differentiation in the mosquito, two cDNA libraries were constructed, one enriched for sequences expressed in differentiating Plasmodium berghei ookinetes and another enriched for sequences expressed in Anopheles stephensi guts containing invading ookinetes and early oocysts. Sequencing of 457 ookinete library clones and 652 early oocyst clones represented 175 and 346 unique expressed sequence tags, respectively. Nine of 13 Plasmodium and four of the five Anopheles novel expressed sequence tags analyzed on Northern blots were induced during ookinete differentiation and mosquito gut invasion. Ancaspase-7, an Anopheles effector caspase, is proteolytically activated during Plasmodium invasion of the midgut. WARP, a gene encoding a Plasmodium surface protein with a von Willebrand factor A-like adhesive domain, is expressed only in ookinetes and early oocysts. An anti-WARP polyclonal antibody strongly inhibits (70 -92%) Plasmodium development in the mosquito, making it a candidate antigen for transmission blocking vaccines. The present results and those of an accompanying report

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Genes identified by an expression screen of the vector mosquito Anopheles gambiae display differential molecular immune response to malaria parasites and bacteria

Cited by 129 publications

References 66 publications

A proteomic approach for the analysis of instantly released wound and immune proteins in Drosophila melanogaster hemolymph

A proteomic approach for the analysis of instantly released wound and immune proteins in Drosophila melanogaster hemolymph

Characterization of tyrosine hydroxylase from Manduca sexta

Analysis of the Plasmodium and Anopheles Transcriptional Repertoire during Ookinete Development and Midgut Invasion

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