Genes Involved in Type 1 Diabetes: An Update

Abstract

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a chronic multifactorial disease with a strong genetic component, which, through interactions with specific environmental factors, triggers disease onset. T1D typically manifests in early to mid childhood through the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells resulting in a lack of insulin production. Historically, prior to genome-wide association studies (GWAS), six loci in the genome were fully established to be associated with T1D. With the advent of high-throughput single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping array technologies, enabling investigators to perform high-density GWAS, many additional T1D susceptibility genes have been discovered. Indeed, recent meta-analyses of multiple datasets from independent investigators have brought the tally of well-validated T1D disease genes to almost 60. In this mini-review, we address recent advances in the genetics of T1D and provide an update on the latest susceptibility loci added to the list of genes involved in the pathogenesis of T1D.

Critical Association Study of Olfactory Receptor Gene Polymorphism in Diabetic Complications

“…The study provided strong genetic confirmation for already existing reports about the unique appearance of OR that is inextricably related to immunological function [20][21][22]. In addition, it might be an interesting genetic reasoning for the accumulative evidence that OR dysfunction exists in brain diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis [23][24][25][26][27][28][29] OR14 gene is located in the telomeric region of HLA-F [14] where an interesting haplotype-specific association between T1D and a SNP in the promoter region of OR14 gene, rs9257691, has been reported [14].…”

“…We have also reported a significant association of genes, both MHC and MHC-linked (MHC-x), with T1D [14,15].…”

Association of Genetic Polymorphisms in a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Type1 Diabetes mellitus

“…The risk of evolving T1D is determined by a complex interaction between various genes and environmental factors (Bakay et al, 2013). The VDR gene is related to T-cellmediated autoimmune disease and influence susceptibility to T1D (Lee et al, 2012).…”

Restoring Regulatory T Cells in Type 1 Diabetes

“…By analyzing single nucleotide polymorphisms in T1D patients in comparison with control subjects, genome wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 60 genetic loci associated with T1D [35]. Further investigations into the genes at these loci and their functions have allowed us to better understand the pathogenesis of this disease and point to ways of developing new interventions.…”