Genetic and Transcriptomic Background of Oxidative Stress and Antioxidative Therapies in Late Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review

Abstract

This systematic review extensively investigated the role of the genetic and transcriptomic factors in late complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the current approaches targeting oxidative-stress-related pathways with antioxidant therapies. To cover our broad research area, we have conducted two systematic searches, the first focusing on genetic and transcriptomic factors affecting oxidative stress and the second one focusing on the antioxidant therapies in late complications of T2DM. The final review included 33 genetic and transcriptomic studies and 23 interventional randomized clinical trials. The conducted systematic review highlights the important role of oxidative stress in the development of late complications in T2DM patients. However, the current level of evidence does not support the use of genetic and transcriptomic factors as predictive and prognostic biomarkers for the development of T2DM late complications. Further studies are needed to elucidate the potential of targeting oxidative-stress-related pathways for novel preventative and therapeutic approaches. Additionally, antioxidants both in dietary and supplement form have been shown to improve different metabolic and biochemical parameters in T2DM patients with developed late complications. In recent years, studies have improved in methodological quality despite still mainly focusing on microvascular late complications of T2DM. Furthermore, the observed interventional studies suggest non-homogeneity in the duration of observation. As many studies do not provide post-intervention follow-up testing, it is difficult to assess the long-term health benefits of antioxidant supplementation.

Inside the genome: understanding genetic influences on oxidative stress

“…Heterozygous individuals (TC) with decreased levels of glutamine synthetase enzyme and glutathione may face an increased risk of oxidative stress. Homozygous mutant individuals (CC) with reduced levels of glutamine synthetase enzyme and glutathione exhibit heightened susceptibility to oxidative stress ( Tonin et al, 2024 ).…”

Presentation1.PDF

“…Heterozygous individuals (TC) with decreased levels of glutamine synthetase enzyme and glutathione may face an increased risk of oxidative stress. Homozygous mutant individuals (CC) with reduced levels of glutamine synthetase enzyme and glutathione exhibit heightened susceptibility to oxidative stress (Tonin et al, 2024).…”