Genetic basis and functioning of the signal transduction system in plants under the conditions of viral resistance

The relationship between SNPS in the genes of TLR signal transduction pathway downstream elements and rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility

“…The former one can be described as follows: 1) the combination of TIR structural domain between Cterminal of Myd88 and TLR, L-1R, and IL-18R; 2) collect IL-1R associated kinase (IRAK) in the N-terminal death domain; 3) the combination of tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TARF6), -type TAK1 and TAB1 and TAB2, get into downstream of signal transmission; 4) I-KB kinase (IKK1-IKK2-IKK) active-KB (NF-kB), or Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MARK) induce conveying of inflammation cells, such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-, interferon (IFN) and adhesion molecules. Both ways are through activator protein (AP-1) [25][26][27][28]. TRAF6 is a kind of terminal kinase signal to modify NF-kB and Jun, so the loss of TARF6 may lead to defection of TLR signal, restraining the activation of NF-kB and reducing the inflammation cells nosogenesis [29][30][31].…”

The Relationship between Viruses and Plant Cells in Natural Ecosystems and Some Approaches to Their Regulation

“…Endogenous glycans as viral pathogenicity regulators and resistance elicitors, can inhibit the biological activity of plant viruses and induce plant resistance to viral infection. It has been well-proven in our experiments on plants with local and system reaction to viral infections [3]. Thus, the search for substances able to function as exogenous resistance elicitors is one of the possible ways of limiting viral infections in plants.…”

“…Endogenous oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and cell membrane components can serve as elicitors under a viral infection. Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) has been identified as an elicitor of viral resistance [2,3]. Nevertheless, the genetic nature of SMV elicitor activity still remains unclear.…”

“…Nevertheless, the genetic nature of SMV elicitor activity still remains unclear. The relationship between viruses and hypersensitive plants is poorly understood until now [3]. "RNA silencing" mechanism, R-gene mediated resistance or a combined action of both of these play a critical role in plant resistance against viruses.…”

“…Transgenic plants, resistant to viruses, are obtained through genetic modification with structural genes of coat and transport proteins or with viral RNA polymerase gene. Genetic engineers also design plants resistant to other abiotic factors, including herbicides [3].…”