Genetic basis of resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds - the qac genes and their role: a review

Jaglič, Z.; Cervinkova, D.

doi:10.17221/6013-vetmed

Cited by 84 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…A total bacterial resistance against QACs is unlikely due to their nonspecific action (Weber and Rutala 2006;Maillard 2007;Bragg et al 2014;Gerba 2015;Jaglic and Cervinkova 2012). Bacteria with a significant increase in MICs against QAACs, however, might still be susceptible to commonly applied concentrations of biocides.…”

Section: Effects Of Qaacs On the Soil Microbial Communitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Various qac genes have been described, which are widely spread among clinical and environmental bacteria and code for energy-dependent efflux pumps targeting a wide range of more than 30 lipophilic cationic compounds from at least 12 different chemical classes (Jaglic and Cervinkova 2012). Furthermore, for qacC it was shown that it confers resistance to a number of b-lactam antibiotics (Fuentes et al 2005).…”

Section: Role Of Qaacs In the Selection Of Antibiotic Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

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Quaternary ammonium compounds in soil: implications for antibiotic resistance development

Mulder

Siemens

Sentek

et al. 2017

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

100

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Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are surface-active, antimicrobial, high production volume (HPV) chemicals with a broad application in agriculture. This review provides a comprehensive overview of (1) predicted and measured concentrations of QACs in soils including their analysis, (2) sequestration mechanisms in soils based on their physicochemical properties and chemical structure, and (3) implications of concentrations and fate of QACs in soils for the proliferation of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) for QACs that are applied to soils with manure are in the order of 3.5 mg kg -1 . Based on literature data, the median PEC of QAC in sewage sludge amended soils is 25 lg kg -1 . The positively charged QACs are mainly sorbed to clay minerals. We propose that QACs might be sequestered in the interlayer regions of layered silicates in clayrich soils, reducing their acute toxicity, while increasing their persistence. The release of sequestered QACs from soil can still potentially maintain concentration levels that are sufficient to develop antibiotic resistance in the environment.

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Section: Effects Of Qaacs On the Soil Microbial Communitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Role Of Qaacs In the Selection Of Antibiotic Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Quaternary ammonium compounds in soil: implications for antibiotic resistance development

Mulder

Siemens

Sentek

et al. 2017

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

100

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The QAC-resistance genes are typically located among integrons in Gram-negative bacteria, while in S. aureus they are usually related to plasmids carrying antimicrobial-resistance genes (Jaglic and Cervinkova, 2012;Argudín et al, 2014). However, the presence of class 1 integrons in clinical MRSA isolates has been described (Xu et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heavy metal and disinfectant resistance genes among livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates

Argudín

Lauzat

Kraushaar

et al. 2016

Veterinary Microbiology

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“…The dfrB4 gene was carried with intI1 (class 1 integron integrase/recombinase) and tnpA (transposase), which are indispensable for integration of mobile genetic elements (23). Moreover, multiple antibiotic, biocide, and metal resistance genes were identified: qacEΔ1 (biocide resistance [24,25]), sulI (sulfonamide resistance [26]), the mphR(A)/mphA/mrx gene cluster (macrolide/erythromycin resistance [27]), and chrA (chromate resistance [28,29]). The qacEΔ1 gene encodes a truncated and less-efficient cation efflux pump version of qacE (24).…”

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confidence: 99%

Integron-Associated DfrB4, a Previously Uncharacterized Member of the Trimethoprim-Resistant Dihydrofolate Reductase B Family, Is a Clinically Identified Emergent Source of Antibiotic Resistance

Edens²,

Alejaldre

et al. 2017

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Whole-genome sequencing of trimethoprim-resistant Escherichia coli clinical isolates identified a member of the trimethoprim-resistant type II dihydrofolate reductase gene family (dfrB). The dfrB4 gene was located within a class I integron flanked by multiple resistance genes. This arrangement was previously reported in a 130.6-kb multiresistance plasmid. The DfrB4 protein conferred a Ͼ2,000-fold increased trimethoprim resistance on overexpression in E. coli. Our results are consistent with the finding that dfrB4 contributes to clinical trimethoprim resistance.KEYWORDS type II dihydrofolate reductase, trimethoprim resistance, E. coli clinical isolates, dfrB4, antibiotic-resistant genes, class I integron, urinary tract infection P ublic health agencies worldwide rank trimethoprim (TMP) a broad-spectrum antibiotic of importance in human medicine (1). Widely used as a result of its low cost and effectiveness, TMP inhibits the activity of many microbial chromosomal dihydrofolate reductases (DHFRs); thus, DHFRs have long served as prioritized targets of antiproliferative drugs (2). Although the majority of living cells harbor a chromosomal member of the type I DHFR family, encoded by a dfrA homolog, the dfrB genes encode a family of plasmid-borne type II DHFRs that are evolutionarily unrelated to type I DHFRs. The dfrB genes have been found in pathogenic bacteria recovered from many food sources, including fish (3), pigs (4, 5), and cows (6), where they confer TMP resistance. Bacteria carrying dfrB genes have also been identified in wastewater samples (7). Over the past decade, dfrB genes have been tracked indirectly in antibiotic resistance studies through identification of integron-related elements (8-10). Therefore, the importance of dfrB genes in TMP resistance in human pathogens may be underappreciated (11,12).To date, only seven members of the dfrB gene family are known, and they are highly homologous (77% to 94% genetic identity, 77% to 99% amino acid identity) ( Table 1). Among these, the DfrB1 protein (also known as R67 DHFR) is the best-studied type II DHFR (13)(14)(15)(16)(17). It is proposed to be recently evolved, and it confers a significant survival advantage under TMP exposure to microbes that harbor it (18). To date, the family of dfrB genes has consistently been reported to be contained within the following mobile

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Genetic basis of resistance to quaternary ammonium compounds - the qac genes and their role: a review

Cited by 84 publications

References 72 publications

Quaternary ammonium compounds in soil: implications for antibiotic resistance development

Quaternary ammonium compounds in soil: implications for antibiotic resistance development

Heavy metal and disinfectant resistance genes among livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates

Integron-Associated DfrB4, a Previously Uncharacterized Member of the Trimethoprim-Resistant Dihydrofolate Reductase B Family, Is a Clinically Identified Emergent Source of Antibiotic Resistance

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