Genetic diversity and population structure of <i>Culex modestus</i> across Europe: does recent appearance in the United Kingdom reveal a tendency for geographical spread?

Hernández‐Triana, Luis M.; Brugman, Victor A.; Pramual, Pairot; Barrero, Elsa; Nikolova, Nadya; Ruíz-Arrondo, Ignacio; Kaiser, Achim; Krüger, Andreas; Lumley, Sarah; Osório, Hugo Costa; Ćupina, Aleksandra Ignjatović; Petrić, Dušan; Setier-Rio, Marie-Laure; Bødker, René; Johnson, Nicholas

doi:10.1111/mve.12412

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…modestus mosquitoes collected in other countries across Europe and constructed a haplotype network using the MJ method based on 228 partial COI sequences. As recently reported (3), Cx. modestus populations across Europe are separated in two lineages.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

“…modestus by other mosquito species, such as Cx. torrentium (2). Due to the relatively small sample size gathered in this study, we cannot conclude that the sampling year impacted the results.…”

Section: Rhabdoviridaementioning

confidence: 77%

“…The appearance and spread of Cx. modestus in the UK has only been reported recently as well, although this species seems to be abundantly present in certain regions based on recent surveys (2017, 2019) (3). The hypothesis for not noticing its presence in UK before probably relies on the misidentification of Cx.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Field collections have reported the presence of Cx. modestus in France, Spain, Portugal, Germany, Romania, Serbia and Czech Republic; and more recently, also in more northern countries such as the United Kingdom (UK), Denmark and Sweden (2). In Belgium, this mosquito species was considered to be absent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Establishment ofCulex modestusin Belgium and a glance into the virome of Belgian mosquito species

Wang

Rosas

Coninck

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Culex modestus is a mosquito species with a relevant role in the transmission of West Nile virus and Usutu virus. Its presence has been reported across Europe, yet it is absent in Belgium. Field mosquitoes in the city of Leuven and surroundings were collected in the summer of 2019 and 2020. Species identification was performed by morphological features and partial sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene. In order to examine the genetic structure of the Cx. modestus population found in Leuven, mitochondrial sequences of Cx. modestus mosquitoes collected in other 8 countries across Europe were retrieved from GenBank and confronted to the COI sequences from Belgian mosquitoes to construct a haplotype network.Hereby, we confirmed the new establishment of Cx. modestus in the surroundings of Leuven, Belgium. Haplotype network analysis showed that the Belgian population is rather diverse, suggesting that it must have been establish in Belgium for some time. The Belgian population was most closely related to Cx. modestus populations from the UK and Germany. The NetoVIR protocol was used to study the virome of 8 pools of mosquitoes. At least 33 eukaryotic viral species were identified. Nine (near-)complete genomes belonging to 6 viral species were identified, named Culex totivirus Leu1, Leu2 and Leu3, Alphamesonivirus Leu4, Iflavirus Leu5 and Leu6, Negevirus Leu7 and Leu8, and Rhabdovirus Leu9, all of which were closely related to known viruses. In conclusion, with the introduction of Cx. modestus in Belgium, the evaluation of its potential role in the transmission of arboviruses that could cause disease in animals and humans is necessary.Importance for non-specialistCulex modestus is a mosquito species that plays a role in nature as a ‘bridge’ vector, being able to transmit pathogens between birds, as well as from birds to mammals, including humans. In Belgium, this species was considered absent. Field mosquitoes were collected in urban, peri-urban and wetland areas in the summer of 2019 and 2020 in Leuven, and morphological and molecular methods were performed to confirm the presence of Cx. modestus in this region. The ability of mosquitoes to transmit pathogens can depend on a lot of factors, one of them being the natural virus composition in their bodies. For this purpose, we aimed to identify the whole virus group harbored by Belgian mosquitoes. This could provide more insight for mosquito and, therefore, disease control. Besides, the introduction of Cx. modestus may increase the risk of disease transmission. It is advisable to implement mosquito surveillance programs monitoring this species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Rhabdoviridaementioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Establishment ofCulex modestusin Belgium and a glance into the virome of Belgian mosquito species

Wang

Rosas

Coninck

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…The monitoring of the mosquito species Culex modestus in the UK, is an example of this (181). Genetic studies suggest that this species is a recent introduction from continental Europe (182). The population has expanded across large areas of the Thames Estuary and East Anglia, and these areas are now considered at greater risk of WNV spread, were the virus to be introduced.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging Threats to Animals in the United Kingdom by Arthropod-Borne Diseases

et al. 2020

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Worldwide, arthropod-borne disease transmission represents one of the greatest threats to public and animal health. For the British Isles, an island group on the northwestern coast of continental Europe consisting of the United Kingdom (UK) and the Republic of Ireland, physical separation offers a barrier to the introduction of many of the pathogens that affect animals on the rest of the continent. Added to this are strict biosecurity rules at ports of entry and the depauperate vector biodiversity found on the islands. Nevertheless, there are some indigenous arthropod-borne pathogens that cause sporadic outbreaks, such as the tick-borne louping ill virus, found almost exclusively in the British Isles, and a range of piroplasmid infections that are poorly characterized. These provide an ongoing source of infection whose emergence can be unpredictable. In addition, the risk remains for future introductions of both exotic vectors and the pathogens they harbor, and can transmit. Current factors that are driving the increases of both disease transmission and the risk of emergence include marked changes to the climate in the British Isles that have increased summer and winter temperatures, and extended the period over which arthropods are active. There have also been dramatic increases in the distribution of mosquito-borne diseases, such as West Nile and Usutu viruses in mainland Europe that are making the introduction of these pathogens through bird migration increasingly feasible. In addition, the establishment of midge-borne bluetongue virus in the near continent has increased the risk of wind-borne introduction of infected midges and the inadvertent importation of infected cattle. Arguably the greatest risk is associated with the continual increase in the movement of people, pets and trade into the UK. This, in particular, is driving the introduction of invasive arthropod species that either bring disease-causing pathogens, or are known competent vectors, that increase the risk of disease transmission if introduced. The following review documents the current pathogen threats to animals transmitted by mosquitoes, ticks and midges. This includes both indigenous and exotic pathogens to the UK. In the case of exotic pathogens, the pathway and risk of introduction are also discussed.

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Integrating wing morphometrics and mitochondrial DNA analysis to assess the filaria vector Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in Thailand

Laojun,

Changbunjong,

Chaiphongpachara

2024

Parasitol Res

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Genetic diversity and population structure of Culex modestus across Europe: does recent appearance in the United Kingdom reveal a tendency for geographical spread?

Cited by 9 publications

References 42 publications

Establishment ofCulex modestusin Belgium and a glance into the virome of Belgian mosquito species

Establishment ofCulex modestusin Belgium and a glance into the virome of Belgian mosquito species

Emerging Threats to Animals in the United Kingdom by Arthropod-Borne Diseases

Integrating wing morphometrics and mitochondrial DNA analysis to assess the filaria vector Mansonia uniformis (Diptera: Culicidae) populations in Thailand

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