Genetic diversity and population structure of two threatened ginseng species in Vietnam

Abstract

AFLP -amplified fragment length polymorphism; AMOVA -variance components molecular variance; CR -critically endangered; DAPC -discriminant analysis of principal components; FIS -fixation index; FISIIM -corrected inbreeding coefficient for null alleles; HE -expected heterozygosity; HO -observed heterozygosity; HT -total expected heterozygosity; HWE -Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium; ISSR -inter simple sequence repeat markers; IUCN -international union for conservation of nature; NA -alleles per locus; NE -effective alleles; NJ -neighbor-joining; NP -private alleles; NR -allelic richness; PcoA -principal coordinate analysis; PCRpolymerase chain reaction; PPL -proportion of polymorphic loci; RAPD -random amplified polymorphic DNA; SMM -the stepwise mutation model; SSR -microsatellite; Tm -PCR annealing temperature; TPM -the two-phase model. Acknowledgements: This research was funded by Vietnam national Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under grant number 106. 06-2018.310.