Genetic parameter estimation of reproductive traits of Litopenaeus vannamei

Self-assembly of glycinin nanoparticles for delivery of phenolic compounds from Phyllanthus urinaria

“…Fifty grams of the P. urinaria powders were extracted twice 20 with 500 ml of 60 % ethanol at room temperature for one day. The extracts were filtered 21 through a filter paper with 0.22 μm pore size and concentrated by evaporating the solvent 22 under the reducing pressure. The concentrated liquid was finally freeze-dried by a freeze 23 dryer (LL3000, Heto, Germany) to obtain the powders of phenolic compounds.…”

“…The vial was closed and 18 incubated in a thermostatic shaker (SKY100C, Sukun, China) with a speed of 60 rpm at 37 °C. 19 At given time intervals, 1 mL of the solution was taken out to measure the release amount of 20 phenolic compounds according to the ferrous tartrate method, and 1 mL of fresh buffer 21 solution was put back into the same vial. The cumulative release of phenolic compounds was 22 calculated with the following equation: 24 Where M t is the cumulative amount of phenolic compounds released at time t, and M 0 is the 25 initial amount of phenolic compounds loaded.…”

“…P. urinaria has been used as a traditional medicine for 2 the treatment of some diseases including diarrhea, dysentery, hepatitis, edema, infantile 3 malnutrition, acute conjunctivitis, aphthae and antibiotic resistant pyogenic infections 4 4 because it has many biological and pharmacological activities in vitro and in vivo, such as 5 antiviral 5,6 , hepatoprotective anti-inflammatory 7,8 , hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic 9 , 6 antioxidant 10,11 , anti-allodynic and anti-oedematogenic 12 , and antibacterial 13 properties. The 7 anticancer effect of P. urinaria has been reported in some academic literatures 2,6,14-17 , and in 8 recent years there is increasing interest to understand and develop alternative agents from P. 9 urinaria compounds for the treatment of hepatitis B virus and liver cancer 1,[18][19][20][21][22] . It is believed 10 that the phenolic compounds from P. urinaria are one of the main effective substances for the 11 treatment of hepatitis B virus and liver cancer [23][24][25][26] .…”

“…Nanoparticles bearing anticancer drugs have received increasing attention 18 because they not only can improve the stability and bioavailability of the drugs and mask the 19 unpleasant taste of drugs 28 , but also can facilitate the drugs to go across critical and specific 20 biological barriers and hit specific targets 29 . Additionally, nanoparticles can prevent the first 21 pass metabolism of the drug molecules through a lymphatic uptake mechanism 30 , and are 22 particularly useful for cancer chemoprevention for their enhanced permeability and retention 23 effect 31 . Therefore, significant efforts in recent years have been devoted to fabricate and use 24 nanoparticles to encapsulate drugs for targeted drug delivery and targeted cancer therapy 32 .…”

“…1B. The variance of21 encapsulation efficiency increases first and then decreases with the increase of glycinin 22 concentration, and peaks at 3 mg/mL. As the glycinin concentration increases, the number of 23 glycinin particles per unit volume in the solution increases, resulting in more phenolic24 compounds encapsulated in the particles and consequently the higher encapsulation efficiency.25 When the glycinin concentration exceeds 3 mg/mL, the mean separation distance between the 26 particles decreases and the collisions between particles are more frequent, resulting in larger 27 particles formed in the solution.…”