Genetic source tracking of an anthrax outbreak in Shaanxi province, China

Liu, Dongli; Wei, Jianchun; Guo, Xuejun; Zhang, Enmin; He, Li Ya; Liang, Xudong; Ma, Guansheng; Ti-cao, Zhou; Yin, Wenwu; Liu, Wei; Shi, Yi; Ji, Jianjun; Zhang, Huijuan; Ma, Lin; Fa-Xin, Zhang; Zhang, Zhikai; Zhou, Hang; Yu, Hongjie; Kan, Biao; Xu, Jianguo; Liu, Feng; Li, Wei

doi:10.1186/s40249-016-0218-6

Cited by 10 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…A scheme combining canSNP analysis and MLVA15 was used to analyze anthrax outbreaks in many countries, which facilitated the employment of a genetic population structure comparison [ 14 , 16 , 17 ]. In China, recently, similar methods were used to trace the source of outbreaks in Liaoning and Shaanxi provinces [ 19 , 29 ]. In this study, subtyping using the MLVA15 scheme indicates that all of the 106 strains were clustered into 36 MLVA genotypes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…anthracis strains were collected in the surveiled provinces. Concerns have been heightened by the persistence of human anthrax cases and outbreaks in certain areas in recent years, e.g., the outbreaks in Shaanxi in 2015, Xinjiang in 2016, Gansu in 2016 and Inner Mongolia in 2011 [ 19 – 21 ]. The northwestern provinces, namely, Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia, are the important disease-endemic areas, where almost half of human cases during 2005–2016 in China were found.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genetic characteristics of Bacillus anthracis isolated from northwestern China from 1990 to 2016

Zhang

et al. 2018

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Anthrax is a global re-emerging zoonotic disease and is an endemic disease in China, especially in rural regions. In this study, the general characteristics of human anthrax outbreaks that occurred in areas of northwestern China over the past decade have been described. Meanwhile, the genetic characteristics of Bacillus anthracis isolated from these areas from 1990 to 2016 were analyzed by means of canonical single-nucleotide polymorphism (canSNP) analysis and multilocus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA) with 15 markers. Five sublineages/subgroups, namely, A.Br.001/002, A.Br.Vollum, A.Br.Aust94, A.Br.Ames and A.Br.008/009, were detected by using 13 canSNP sites. All of the sublineages were found in Xinjiang province, while one sublineage was found in Shaanxi, two in Gansu, three in Qinghai and four in Inner Mongolia. However, the geographical distribution of the B. anthracis populations exhibited different canSNP characteristics from those of the strains isolated before 1990 in China. In contrast to previous data, the A.Br.Ames subgroup was also observed to be scattered from Inner Mongolia to other provinces. All 106 strains were assigned to 36 MLVA15 genotypes, and 21 of these types were first observed in this study. The strains collected from anthrax outbreaks in recent decade were classified as subgroups A.Br.001/002 and A.Br.Ames and identified as genotypes MLVA15-28, MLVA15-30, MLVA15-31, MLVA15-38, MLVA15-CHN3, and MLVA15-CHN18. By canSNP analysis and MLVA, we found that the diversification of MLVA genotypes and the geographical distribution of B. anthracis populations is gradually becoming balanced across northwestern China. This study also provides preliminary survey results regarding the population diversity of B. anthracis in China, which will help promote the prevention and control of this important disease.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic characteristics of Bacillus anthracis isolated from northwestern China from 1990 to 2016

Zhang

et al. 2018

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…Some studies suggest that short-course antibiotic therapy is as effective as standard-duration therapy in cases of uncomplicated cutaneous anthrax, and that steroid therapy may not be necessary, especially for mild cases. 12 , 13 Thus, the World Health Organization has suggested intramuscular procaine penicillin, oral amoxicillin or penicillin V for mild uncomplicated cases of cutaneous anthrax. 14 For our two patients, both blood and discharge cultures showed B. anthracis and penicillin sensitivity; indeed, penicillin treatment was followed by uneventful recovery of both.…”

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confidence: 99%

Sporadic human cutaneous anthrax outbreak in Shaanxi Province, China: report of two cases from 2018

Liu

Wang

et al. 2020

The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases

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“…The canSNP results showed low resolution that was inadequate for the investigation of infectious sources. MLVA can differentiate outbreak-related strains from unrelated strains; this subtyping method allowed human anthrax cases to be linked to environmental specimens and livestock meat and products, providing information about potential infectious sources [12,21]. MLVA can discriminate closely related strains from anthrax outbreaks [22,23] or bioterrorism-related events [24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic diversity of Bacillus anthracis Ames lineage strains in China

Zhang

et al. 2020

BMC Infect Dis

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Background: Anthrax is an endemic disease that persists in the rural regions of China. The global genetic population structure of B.anthracis has also been defined by the canonical single-nucleotide polymorphisms (canSNP) and multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (MLVA). Five canSNP lineages were found in China, and the A.Br.Ames lineage has been the second predominant group in recent years in China. The objective of this study was to reveal genetic diversity of the Ames lineage strains by MLVA. Methods: Two molecular typing methods, canSNP and MLVA with 15markers were used to study the genetic relationship among the Ames lineage strains. The outbreak information associated with these strains was also collected and investigated. Results: From 2007 to 2018, a total of 21 human anthrax infection outbreaks (68 patients) associated with B. anthracis Ames lineage strains were reported in China. Ames lineage strain-associated human anthrax is mainly distributed in the northern part of China, including the provinces of Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Gansu, and Xinjiang. In the study, a total of 30 Ames lineage strains were included and 10 MLVA15 genotypes were identified. These strains were mainly found in northeast China, Inner Mongolia and Liaoning. In recent years, the Ames lineage strains were isolated in the two provinces every year. The 18 Ames lineage strains isolated from Inner Mongolia were divided into eight MLVA15 genotypes. From 2010 to 2015, there were continuous reports of outbreaks in Keyouzhongqi County, Inner Mongolia, and the strains that were isolated annually in succession belonged to the MLVA15-30 genotype. Conclusions: The Ames lineage strains are widely distributed in northern China. Their genetic diversity can be illustrated by the results of the MLVA. The genetic characteristics of the Ames lineage strains from outbreaks in different provinces varied. In some areas, human anthrax outbreaks occurred annually in succession, and these related strains grouped together. These observations indicate that the local environment was persistently contaminated with B. anthracis spores, vaccination of livestock should become the fundamental control measure in the areas.

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Genetic source tracking of an anthrax outbreak in Shaanxi province, China

Cited by 10 publications

References 14 publications

Genetic characteristics of Bacillus anthracis isolated from northwestern China from 1990 to 2016

Genetic characteristics of Bacillus anthracis isolated from northwestern China from 1990 to 2016

Sporadic human cutaneous anthrax outbreak in Shaanxi Province, China: report of two cases from 2018

Genetic diversity of Bacillus anthracis Ames lineage strains in China

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