Genetically Engineered Viral Vectors and Organic‐Based Non‐Viral Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery Applications

Abstract

Conventional drug delivery systems are challenged by concerns related to systemic toxicity, repetitive doses, drug concentrations fluctuation, and adverse effects. Various drug delivery systems are developed to overcome these limitations. Nanomaterials are employed in a variety of biomedical applications such as therapeutics delivery, cancer therapy, and tissue engineering. Physiochemical nanoparticle assembly techniques involve the application of solvents and potentially harmful chemicals, commonly at high temperatures. Genetically engineered organisms have the potential to be used as promising candidates for greener, efficient, and more adaptable platforms for the synthesis and assembly of nanomaterials. Genetically engineered carriers are precisely designed and constructed in shape and size, enabling precise control over drug attachment sites. The high accuracy of these novel advanced materials, biocompatibility, and stimuli‐responsiveness, elucidate their emerging application in controlled drug delivery. The current article represents the research progress in developing various genetically engineered carriers. Organic‐based nanoparticles including cellulose, collagen, silk‐like polymers, elastin‐like protein, silk‐elastin‐like protein, and inorganic‐based nanoparticles are discussed in detail. Afterward, viral‐based carriers are classified, and their potential for targeted therapeutics delivery is highlighted. Finally, the challenges and prospects of these delivery systems are concluded.

Virus-Based Biological Systems as Next-Generation Carriers for the Therapy of Central Nervous System Diseases

“…Advances in nanotechnology and pharmaceuticals are contributing to the emergence of new developments in drug technology. Therefore, in addition to the current drug delivery systems based on inorganic and organic materials, as well as virus-based systems, there is an increasing focus on the targeted delivery of molecules (e.g., doxorubicin, paclitaxel) for CNS disease therapy using virus-like particles (VLPs) [ 93 , 94 , 95 ].…”

Nanocarriers for gene delivery to the cardiovascular system

“…Typical organic nanoparticles include liposomes, polymeric micelle, dendritic macromolecules and polymeric nanoparticles. 20 2.1.1 Liposomes. Liposomes are small artificial spherical phospholipid vesicles with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails which spontaneously form bilayer or multilayer spherical vesicles in water.…”

“…Typical organic nanoparticles include liposomes, polymeric micelle, dendritic macromolecules and polymeric nanoparticles. 20…”

Preparation and Characterization of AB2-Type Miktoarm Star-Shaped Nanomaterials Having Lactic Acid as an Arm

“…6 Considering the many applications of biodegradability induced MSPs, like gene or drug delivery, 7 promising results can be achieved compared to traditional linear and branched polymers. 8 This potency can be achieved by selecting BPMs as arms with desirable characteristics such as biocompatibility, 9 hydrophobicity, 10 zeta-potential, 11 and various more while designing and synthesizing MSPs. 12 Unlike branched polymers, synthesis of MSPs is more feasible as the dense shell structures are reduced to form linear arms that can possess a maximum arm length, thus reasonably minimizing the steric hindrance.…”