Genomics and transcriptomics to protect rice (Oryza sativa. L.) from abiotic stressors: -pathways to achieving zero hunger

Abstract

More over half of the world’s population depends on rice as a major food crop. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is vulnerable to abiotic challenges including drought, cold, and salinity since it grown in semi-aquatic, tropical, or subtropical settings. Abiotic stress resistance has bred into rice plants since the earliest rice cultivation techniques. Prior to the discovery of the genome, abiotic stress-related genes were identified using forward genetic methods, and abiotic stress-tolerant lines have developed using traditional breeding methods. Dynamic transcriptome expression represents the degree of gene expression in a specific cell, tissue, or organ of an individual organism at a specific point in its growth and development. Transcriptomics can reveal the expression at the entire genome level during stressful conditions from the entire transcriptional level, which can be helpful in understanding the intricate regulatory network relating to the stress tolerance and adaptability of plants. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) gene families found comparatively using the reference genome sequences of other plant species, allowing for genome-wide identification. Transcriptomics via gene expression profiling which have recently dominated by RNA-seq complements genomic techniques. The identification of numerous important qtl,s genes, promoter elements, transcription factors and miRNAs involved in rice response to abiotic stress was made possible by all of these genomic and transcriptomic techniques. The use of several genomes and transcriptome methodologies to comprehend rice (Oryza sativa, L.) ability to withstand abiotic stress have been discussed in this review

Plant breeding advancements with “CRISPR-Cas” genome editing technologies will assist future food security

“…In the upcoming years, many more are probably going to be put on the market. Due to the higher proportion of oleic and lower proportion of linolenic fatty acids in high oleic soybeans, the oil has a higher thermal and oxidative stability ( Nonaka et al., 2017 ; Metje-Sprink et al., 2018 ; Ahmad M., 2022 ).…”

“…Zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the CRISPR/Cas system are the three primary categories of genome-editing tools. By causing DNA double-strand breaks, which promote error-prone non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR) at specified genomic loci, ZFNs and TALENs have been used to carry out a variety of genetic changes ( Li et al., 2011 ; Miller et al., 2011 ; Jinek et al., 2012 ; Li et al., 2012 ; Gaj et al., 2013 ; Ahmad M., 2022 ). The DNA cleavage domain of the restriction enzyme FokI and zinc-finger-based DNA recognition modules make up the ZFN family of targeted drugs ( Podevin et al., 2013 ; Pinto-Carbó et al., 2016 ; Verhaegen and De Smet, 2017 ; Ramkumar et al., 2022 ).…”

“…Before joining together to cling to particular DNA sequences, each zinc finger locates and bonds to a nucleotide triplet. However, it took nine years from the discovery of ZFNs to the first ZFN-based plant genome editing due to the challenge of developing ZFNs with high sequence affinity and high off-target efficiency ( Zetsche et al., 2015 ; Kim et al., 2016 ; Komor et al., 2016 ; Anzalone et al., 2019 ; Zhang et al., 2019 ; Lin et al., 2020 ; Ahmad M., 2022 ). The transcriptional activator-like effector (TALE) repeats are combined with the FokI restriction enzyme to produce TALENs ( Hua et al., 2022 ; Kumar et al., 2022 ; Randall et al., 2022 ).…”

“…However, genome-editing technologies, particularly the CRISPR-(Cas-9) systems, are biotechnological tools for precise genetic change of crops that can cut breeding time while increasing diversity. This article provides a thorough explanation of the Cas9-CRISPR network with an emphasis on how it can be utilized to quickly create crop and plant varieties that are resistant to salinity, drought, and temperature stressors such as wheat, rice, tomato, soybean, oilseeds, potato, and maize ( Laity et al., 2001 ; Puchta, 2005 ; Urnov et al., 2005 ; Scully et al., 2019 ; Rönspies et al., 2021 ; Ahmad M., 2022 ); To develop novel plant types that are resistant to abiotic stress or to apply to other underutilized crops for future food security, which is a major challenge up to 2050 in developing countries ( Figure 1 ) the aforementioned crops contain crucial information on plant genome editing targets.…”

“…A growing number of fields, including plant science and crop breeding, characterization of gene function, and crop enhancement are turning to genetic modification as a cutting-edge and precise strategy of genetic modification. This includes editing to change a specific gene inside an organism’s genome ( Anzalone et al., 2019 ; Scully et al., 2019 ; Yu et al., 2019 ; Hahn et al., 2020 ; Menz et al., 2020 ; Schmidt et al., 2020b ; Ahmad M., 2022 ).…”