Genotoxic Effects Due to Exposure to Chromium and Nickel Among Electroplating Workers

Abstract

Using chromium and nickel for electroplating is important in many industries. This process induces variable adverse health effects among exposed workers. The aim of this study is to detect the genotoxic effects of combined exposure to chromium and nickel among electroplating workers. This study was conducted on 41 male workers occupationally exposed to chromium and nickel in the electroplating section of a factory compared to 41 male nonexposed individuals, where full history and clinical examination were performed. Laboratory investigations included measurement of serum chromium, nickel, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and micronuclei were measured in buccal cells. In exposed workers, serum chromium ranged from 0.09 to 7.20 µg/L, serum nickel ranged from 1.20 to 28.00 µg/L, serum 8-OHdG ranged from 1.09 to12.60 ng/mL, and these results were statistically significantly increased compared to nonexposed group ( P < 0.001). Electroplaters showed higher frequencies of micronuclei in buccal cells when compared to nonexposed (ranged from 20.00 to 130.00 N/1,000 versus 2.00 to 28.00 N/1,000; P < 0.001). Linear regression models were done to detect independent predictors of 8-OHdG and micronucleus test by comparing exposed and nonexposed groups. The model found that exposure to chromium and nickel increases serum 8-OHdG by 4.754 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.54-5.96). The model found that exposure to chromium and nickel increases micronucleus by 35.927 (95% CI: 28.517-43.337). Serum 8-OHdG and micronucleus test in buccal cells were increased with combined exposure to chromium and nickel. The current research concluded that workers exposed to nickel and chromium in electroplating industry are at risk of significant cytogenetic damage.

Pembentukan Mikronukleus di Mukosa Bukal akibat Paparan Senyawa Kimia pada Berbagai Macam Pekerjaan

“…Penambang batubara 11 25,83 ± 13,28 Pedagang kaki lima 14 9,40 ± 4,46 Pemanggang kacang 15 5,23 ± 1,41 Petugas SPBU 16 2,50 [1,30] Traffic controller dan supir taksi 17 2,78 ± 0,62 Pemanggang daging 18 18,97 ± 3,77 Mekanik mobil 19 16,89 ± 10,16 Tukang las 20 4,19 ± 3,57 Pendaur ulang sampah elektronik 21 2706 Pekerja konstruksi terowongan 22 2,00 [1,00] Golongan logam (aluminium, besi, kromium, nikel, merkuri, arsen, selenium, kadmium, tembaga, rubidium, bromin) Penambang batubara 11 25,83 ± 13,28 Pekerja pelapisan besi 23 45,00 [20,,00] Tukang las 20 4,19 ± 3,57 Pendaur ulang sampah elektronik 21 2706 Pekerja gudang semen 24 15,00 [13,30] Petani kedelai 25 3,30 ± 2,10 Karbamat dan organofosfat Petani padi 26 15,39 ± 3,34 Petani kedelai 25 3,30 ± 2,10 Petani rumah kaca 27 3,55 ± 2,95 Silika Pekerja marka jalan 28 1,00 [0,78-1,22] Pekerja gudang semen 24 15,00 [13,30] Pekerja konstruksi 29 19,79 ± 3,54 Kelompok BTX (Benzene, Toluene, Xylene) Petugas SPBU 16 2,50 [1,30] Petugas SPBU 30 19,25 ± 0,89 Pengecat mobil 31 12,57 ± 3,43 Petugas SPBU 32 4,65 ± 2,00 Obat-obatan -Sevoflurane, desflurane, isoflurane, N2O…”

“…Alumunium, kromium, besi, nikel, tembaga, merkuri, arsen, dan silika merupakan beberapa senyawa logam yang dapat memicu terbentuknya mikronukleus di mukosa bukal. 11,21,23,24,28,29 Senyawa logam di dalam tubuh manusia dapat menginduksi karsinogenesis dengan cara menghasilkan radikal bebas di dalam sel tubuh serta mengganggu protein regulasi dan protein pesinyal (signalling protein) seperti tembaga yang dapat menggantikan seng di protein regulasi tertentu dan menimbulkan gangguan pada proses transkripsi. Selain menginduksi karsinogenesis, ion logam juga dapat memroduksi senyawa ROS melalui berbagai macam reaksi kimia.…”

“…Akumulasi senyawa ROS tersebut dapat memicu kerusakan DNA dan terbentuknya mikronukleus. 1,28,23,49 Beberapa studi juga menjelaskan bahwa paparan pestisida dan pupuk pada petani dapat menyebabkan pembentukan mikronukleus. Hal tersebut dikarenakan adanya kandungan senyawa-senyawa kimia yang bersifat genotoksik dalam pestisida yang digunakan, antara lain golongan karbamat dan orgamofosfat.…”

“…Hal tersebut menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara frekuensi dan kuantitas paparan senyawa kimia serta kondisi kesehatan seseorang dengan tingkat pembentukan mikronukleus di mukosa bukal. 11,16,18,23,[32][33][34] Peningkatan jumlah mikronukleus berdampak pada kelangsungan hidup sel tubuh. Kerusakan DNA dan perubahan kromosom, gangguan siklus sel, penuaan dini, gangguan neurodegeneratif, stimulasi kematian sel, serta stimulasi sel onkogen sehingga terjadi keganasan, merupakan hal yang dapat ditimbulkan akibat jumlah mikronukleus yang meningkat.…”

Effects of columbite/tantalite (COLTAN) mining activities on water quality in Edege-Mbeki mining district of Nasarawa state, North Central Nigeria

“…Research shows that contact with nickel or nickel compounds has adverse effects such as contact dermatitis, lung fibrosis, cardiovascular, and kidney disease as well as cancer of the respiratory tract. Other health effects include nausea, vomiting, cough, giddiness, headache, abdominal problems, diarrhea, and visual disturbance (El Safty et al 2018).…”