Genotypic and Environmental Variations in Kernel Color Indices in the Main Almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb) Cultivars Grown in North-Eastern Morocco

Abstract

Color indices are important quality traits that define the consumer visual acceptance and agroindustrial preferences. Little is known regarding these properties in the commercial almond cultivars grown in Morocco. This work aimed at investigating kernel color indices in five cultivars, namely, “Fournat de Brézenaud,” “Tuono,” “Ferragnès,” “Ferraduel,” and “Marcona.” Color indices consisted in the following: brightness (L∗), redness index (a∗), yellowness index (b∗), chroma (C∗), hue (H∗), and metric saturation (S∗). Measurements were performed over three consecutive growing seasons (2016–2018) across five different sites from northern (Aknoul, Bni Hadifa, and Tahar Souk) and eastern (Rislane and Sidi Bouhria) Morocco. All factors (cultivar, growing season, and site) affected significantly studied color properties; however, genotype was the main variability source. Wide variabilities were found among cultivars. “Marcona” showed the highest L∗, while “Ferragnès” and “Ferraduel” displayed greater scores of a∗, b∗, C∗, and S∗. Sidi Bouhria presented the lowest L∗ but higher a∗, H∗, and S∗. Moreover, Bni Hadifa displayed higher L∗, b∗, and C∗. 2016 (drier growing season) had the highest values of most indices. Principal component analyses (PCA) discriminate all factors through the first three components: PC1 (61%, genetic component) and PC2 (30%) and PC3 (7%) which were of environmental nature since they separate sites and growing seasons, respectively. Despite environmental effects, we suggested a possible discrimination among the studied cultivars based on their kernel color indices. Drought conditions during fruit development seemed to improve kernel quality via synthesis of pigments resulting in higher a∗ and b∗.

Physical fruit traits, proximate composition, fatty acid and elemental profiling of almond [Prunus dulcis Mill. DA Webb] kernels from ten genotypes grown in southern Morocco

“…among others (Boussakouran et al, 2019;El Yamani et al, 2019a, 2019c, 2020a, 2020b, 2020c, 2020dZeroual et al, 2021;Boussakouran et al, 2021;Sakar et al, 2021aSakar et al, , 2021bIbourki et al, 2022).…”

Storage of the Early Ripe Almonds under Modified Atmosphere to Preserve Kernel Qualitative and Sensory Traits

“…In contrast, we took over that in our samples stored under nitrogen, no significant color variations were observed in both applied temperatures. More recently, in a study conducted across five sites located in the main almond production regions of Morocco, Sakar et al [44] found that all factors, such as cultivar, growing season, and site, impacted significantly kernel color indices. Nevertheless, the cultivar effect was the principal variability source.…”

Almond By-Products Substrates as Sustainable Amendments for Green Bean Cultivation

“…These by-products, which include hulls, shells, and skins ( Figure 1 ), constitute a significant proportion of the total production volume. In terms of percentage, the hulls account for 52% of the total fresh weight of the almond fruit, the shells represent 33%, the kernel with the skin makes up 15% [ 3 ], and the skin alone represents about 4% [ 4 , 5 ].…”