Genotypic variability and antifungal susceptibility of Candida tropicalis isolated from patients with candiduria

An Update on Candida tropicalis Based on Basic and Clinical Approaches

“…Genotyping methods have largely been used recently to investigate a genetic correlation of different strains of the same species or even among different species (Table 2 ). These methods may be applied to the investigation of infections caused by similar or identical strains, besides the observation of possible micro-evolution or strains substitution during colonization and infection (da Costa et al, 2012 ; Almeida et al, 2015 ).…”

“…Recently, Almeida and collaborators employed RAPD technique with three different random primers (OPA-18, OPE-18, and P4) to evaluate the genetic variability of 15 clinical isolates of C. tropicalis obtained from patients with candiduria (Almeida et al, 2015 ). The analyses of the dendrogram constructed with DNA bands with the best discriminatory power primer (OPA-18) showed four well-defined clusters (I, II, III, and IV), where cluster I and II showed above 90% similarity among them, while clusters III and IV had 70% similarity.…”

“…Almeida et al ( 2015 ) typed 15 isolates of C. tropicalis with microsatellites and obtained the presence of five different alleles with the marker URA3 and eight different allelic combinations with the CT14 locus, being this marker considered to have a better discriminatory power than the URA3 locus (Almeida et al, 2015 ).…”

Biofilm Antifungal Susceptibility of Candida Urine Isolated from Ambulatory Patients

“…Moreover the cells in biofilm, on microplates, were increasing MIC, thus the biofilm is an important factor in antifungal resistance, because when the yeast was in biofilm the antifungal drugs are not very effective in eradicating yeast contained therein as previously reported. 4 To try elucidating to role of biofilm in antifungal resistance we compared the results obtained to MIC and MBEC, although we found no association between antifungal resistance and biofilm formation, MBEC was higher than MIC in planktonic cells. In consequence, these results suggest that biofilm could be an important factor in the antifungal resistance.…”

“…Due to the biofilms thickness and density, and likely due to the metabolic state of the yeast, antifungal drugs are not very effective in eradicating yeast contained therein. 4 Several other mechanisms are also proposed for increasing of antifungal resistance when the yeasts are in biofilm form such as: altered growth; presence of extracellular matrix with delayed penetration of the antimicrobial agent; expression of resistance genes and presence of persisters cells. 5,6 The planktonic cell form is rarely found in human tissue, they are generally found in biofilm form in tissue, mucosal, implants, catheters and other surfaces, though.…”