Genotyping of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci in Arak Hospitals

Abstract

Background:Enterococcal species have emerged as important pathogens in Iran as well as throughout the world. With the increased use of vancomycin, Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) has become an important nosocomial pathogen.Objectives:The aim of the present study was to determine the incidence and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of VRE and also to determine the most important genes that cause resistance to vancomycin in clinical samples in Arak, Iran.Materials and Methods:In total, 200 enterococci samples were collected from clinical specimens of Arak hospitals. Enterococcal species were identified using standard biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility was tested by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) disk diffusion. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MICs) was determined by broth micro dilution. All of the VRE isolates were examined by PCR to detect the presence of VRE genes.Results:Disk diffusion agar showed that 96 strains (48%) were resistant to gentamicin, 89 (44.5%) to ciprofloxacin, 127 (63.5%) to erythromycin, 142 (71%) to tetracycline, 11 (5.5%) to teicoplanin, 32 (16%) to vancomycin, none to linezolid and 96 (48%) to co-trimoxazole. The MICs of the resistant isolates were as follows; 88 strains had MIC ≥ 32 μg/mL to vancomycin and 59 strains had MIC ≥ 32 μg/mL to teicoplanin. Molecular studies revealed that 59.09% of VRE contained VanA genes and 7.95% of VRE contained the VanB genes. None of the strains had vanC1 and vanC2/3 gene.Conclusions:According to the results of this study, rates of vancomycin-resistance in enterococci, in Iran like other parts of the world, is increasing. Therefore accurate methods are required for identifying strains that possess resistance genes because many cases of hospital infections are caused by these strains.

Increasing Prevalence of Aminoglycoside-Resistant Enterococcus faecalis Isolates Due to the aac(6’)-aph(2”) Gene: A Therapeutic Problem in Kermanshah, Iran

“…In recent years, enterococci have become important causes of nosocomial infections throughout the world, and it has been proven that enterococcal strains are the main cause of 82% of urinary tract infections in Iran ( 18 ). Aminoglycosides are frequently used to treat enterococcal infections, which can lead to the spread of aminoglycoside-resistant isolates in Iranian hospitals ( 19 ).…”

High-level Gentamicin Resistance and Detection of aac (6’)Ie-aph (2”)Ia Gene in Enterococci Isolated from Pediatric Hospital in Northwest of Iran

“…The increasing number of enterococcal species resistant to antibiotics are currently a challenge with regard to treatment (16). In addition to financial losses caused by treatment of these infections, in studies on enterococci, the mortality rate attributable to enterococcal bacteremia was 31% (17).…”

“…Overall, 82% of these Enterococcus strains were isolated from urine samples; therefore, the role of enterococci in urinary tract infections was further illustrated (16).…”