Geochemical evolution of structure-bedding controlled hydrothermal dolomites of the Kinta Valley, Western Malaysia

Abstract

Study of secondary dolomitization and documentation of the evolution of basinal fluids and host rock, especially that of fine-grained deepwater carbonate mudstone are of interest toward of reservoir characterization. From this perspective, field characteristics in relation to mineralogy, petrography and geochemistry of the Paleaozoic carbonates of the Kinta Valley, Peninsular Malaysia, were investigated and documented. A total of 33 samples were collected across the various degree of dolomitization and analyzed for their petrographic properties (n = 55), while mineralogical and geochemical compositions (n = 33) were analyzed using XRD, ICP and ICPMS analysis, respectively. These analyses were performed to elucidate the diagenetic events, episodic dolomitization and development of fluid evolution as a function of regional tectono-thermal events during the Permian to Cenozoic. It is interpreted that the host calcareous mudstones (HCMs) were deposited in oxygenated, open marine seawaters. The studied samples retain the original seawater characteristics despite negligible, minor alterations of REE characteristics due to diagenesis and detrital input. Though the concentrations and trends of REEs of the dolomitic facies are modified to a certain extent, their affinities with HCMs are preserved. Enrichments of Mg, Mn, Na and depletion of Sr are linked to the effect of dolomitization under the open system of diagenesis. The redox conditions fluctuated to show distinct, recognizable variations between different dolomite phases. The MREE enrichments with other trace elements such as Mn, Fe and low Sr content indicate the association of diagenetic fluids with deep-circulating crustal hydrothermal fluids. Hydrothermal influence has been recorded along the fractures, which might have originated from the sub-surface litho units and facilitated episodic dolomitization, especially during significant tectono-thermal events. This study affirms that the occurrence, geochemical and mineralogical evolution of the dolomites of the Kinta Valley were controlled by magmatic events, whereas the intensity of replacement dolomitization was controlled by host rock texture, varied bulk chemistry of host rock, circulating fluid and temperature.

Lower Permian (Late Kungurian) conodonts from the Sibumasu Terrane, Malaysia: paleoecological, paleobiogeographical and tectonic implications

“…The sampled limestones include dark-grey thin-bedded shaley limestones, dark grey to black bedded laminated limestones, paler grey bedded and more massive limestones. The limestones are dolomitized to variable degrees and exhibit multiple phases of dolomitization from early diagenetic through various stages of replacement dolostones related to fracture systems and hydrothermal fluids (Hui et al 2022). Limestone breccias recorded in the sampled section are highly sheared and contain angular clasts and some discontinuous limestone beds and are interpreted here as major fault zones.…”