Geographic Distribution of International Medical Graduate Residents in U.S. Neurosurgery Training Programs

Scheitler, Kristen M.; Lu, Victor M.; Carlstrom, Lucas P.; Graffeo, Christopher S.; Perry, Avital; Daniels, David J.; Meyer, Fredric B.

doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2020.01.201

Cited by 25 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In contrast, <9% of graduated neurosurgeons in the United States are foreigners. [ 4 , 12 , 22 ] We consider that Mexico represents one of the most important destinations for neurosurgical training for the rest of the Latin American countries. The results of the survey identify a clear perception of discrimination concerning the place of origin among foreign residents compared to native Mexican residents.…”

Section: Wins Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite recent advances that report an increase in the presence of WINS[ 1 , 2 , 20 ] and the fight for equal opportunities for foreigners,[ 4 , 12 , 22 ] achieving gender and race equality is an unavoidable challenge for Mexico as an inclusive society and for Neurosurgery at a global level. Nowadays, discrimination is an undeniable problem.…”

Section: Wins Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Discrimination of residents during neurosurgical training in Mexico: Results of a survey prior to SARS-CoV-2

Sandoval-Bonilla

Cerda-Vargas

Stienen

et al. 2021

Surgical Neurology International

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Background: Recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic represents an important negative impact on global training of neurosurgery residents. Even before the pandemic, discrimination is a challenge that neurosurgical residents have consistently faced. In the present study, we evaluated discriminatory conditions experienced by residents during their neurosurgical training in Mexico before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Methods: An electronic survey of 18 questions was sent among residents registered in the Mexican Society of Neurological Surgery (MSNS), between October 2019 and July 2020. Statistical analysis was made in IBM SPSS Statistics 25. The survey focused on demographic characteristics, discrimination, personal satisfaction, and expectations of residents. Results: A response rate of 50% (132 of 264 residents’ members of MSNS) was obtained and considered for analysis. Median age was 30.06 ± 2.48 years, 5.3% (n = 7) were female and 16.7% (n = 22) were foreigners undergoing neurosurgical training in Mexico. Approximately 27% of respondents suffered any form of discrimination, mainly by place of origin (9.1%), by gender (8.3%) or by physical appearance (6.1%). About 42.9% (n = 3) of female residents were discriminated by gender versus 6.4% (n = 8) of male residents (P = 0.001); while foreign residents mentioned having suffered 10 times more an event of discrimination by place of origin compared to native Mexican residents (36.4% vs. 3.6%, P < 0.001). Conclusion: This manuscript represents the first approximation to determine the impact of discrimination suffered by residents undergoing neurosurgical training in Mexico before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

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Section: Wins Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Wins Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discrimination of residents during neurosurgical training in Mexico: Results of a survey prior to SARS-CoV-2

Sandoval-Bonilla

Cerda-Vargas

Stienen

et al. 2021

Surgical Neurology International

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“…IMGs account for 13% of practicing physicians, 6% of neurosurgical residents (8% in 2018), and 11% of academic neurosurgeons ( 3 , 6 , 7 ). The need for neurosurgeons is met by USMGs and IMGs, which reflects the competitive nature of the neurosurgery residency match, with 66.8% (211/316) and 65.2% (211/322) of allopathic USMGs matching in 2020 and 2021, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing international medical graduate research productivity for application to US neurosurgery residency and beyond: A survey of applicants, program directors, and institutional experience

Mignucci-Jiménez

Houlihan

et al. 2022

Front. Surg.

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BackgroundThe authors investigated perceived discrepancies between the neurosurgical research productivity of international medical graduates (IMGs) and US medical graduates (USMGs) through the perspective of program directors (PDs) and successfully matched IMGs.MethodsResponses to 2 separate surveys on neurosurgical applicant research productivity in 115 neurosurgical programs and their PDs were analyzed. Neurosurgical research participation was analyzed using an IMG survey of residents who matched into neurosurgical residency within the previous 8 years. Productivity of IMGs conducting dedicated research at the study institution was also analyzed.ResultsThirty-two of 115 (28%) PDs responded to the first research productivity survey and 43 (37%) to the second IMG research survey. PDs expected neurosurgery residency applicants to spend a median of 12–24 months on research (Q1-Q3: 0–12 to 12–24; minimum time: 0–24; maximum time: 0–48) and publish a median of 5 articles (Q1-Q3: 2–5 to 5–10; minimum number: 0–10; maximum number: 4–20). Among 43 PDs, 34 (79%) ranked “research institution or associated personnel” as the most important factor when evaluating IMGs' research. Forty-two of 79 (53%) IMGs responding to the IMG-directed survey reported a median of 30 months (Q1-Q3: 18–48; range: 4–72) of neurosurgical research and 12 published articles (Q1-Q3: 6–24; range: 1–80) before beginning neurosurgical residency. Twenty-two PDs (69%) believed IMGs complete more research than USMGs before residency. Of 20 IMGs conducting dedicated neuroscience/neurosurgery research at the study institution, 16 of 18 who applied matched or entered a US neurosurgical training program; 2 applied and entered a US neurosurgical clinical fellowship.ConclusionThe research work of IMGs compared to USMGs who apply to neurosurgery residency exceeds PDs' expectations regarding scientific output and research time. Many PDs perceive IMG research productivity before residency application as superior to USMGs. Although IMGs comprise a small percentage of trainees, they are responsible for a significant amount of US-published neurosurgical literature. Preresidency IMG research periods may be improved with dedicated mentoring and advising beginning before the research period, during the period, and within a neurosurgery research department, providing a formal structure such as a research fellowship or graduate program for IMGs aspiring to train in the US.

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“…The opportunity to participate in a neurosurgery residency program within the United States is highly sought after by both American and international medical graduates (IMGs). Estimates suggest 6%–8% of all residents in U.S. neurosurgery residency programs are indeed IMGs, 1 , 2 typically supported by either a J-1 (exchange) or H1-B (work) visa. In light of the current COVID-19 pandemic, a number of changes affecting the visa process in the United States has revealed particular immigration policies that are subject to change without notice.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The number of possible flights to the United States decreased, including from Lebanon 3 and India, 4 the 2 largest contributors of IMG residents to U.S. neurosurgery programs. 2 In this scenario, all successful IMG applicants would not have been able to physically reach their program were they not in the United States before these changes, impacting their application for various licenses and completion of scheduled orientations needed to legally commence residency. Therefore, being present in the United States before Match Day is recommended to ensure that if an IMG candidate is successful, changes in travel policies and plans will not impact their ability to start residency on time.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Letter to the Editor: Lessons to Learn from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic for International Medical Graduate Applicants and United States Neurosurgery Residency Programs

Menendez

Levi

et al. 2020

World Neurosurgery

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Geographic Distribution of International Medical Graduate Residents in U.S. Neurosurgery Training Programs

Cited by 25 publications

References 12 publications

Discrimination of residents during neurosurgical training in Mexico: Results of a survey prior to SARS-CoV-2

Discrimination of residents during neurosurgical training in Mexico: Results of a survey prior to SARS-CoV-2

Analyzing international medical graduate research productivity for application to US neurosurgery residency and beyond: A survey of applicants, program directors, and institutional experience

Letter to the Editor: Lessons to Learn from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic for International Medical Graduate Applicants and United States Neurosurgery Residency Programs

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