Geographic Mobility, Race, and Wage Differentials

Raphael, Steven; Riker, David

doi:10.1006/juec.1998.2081

“…Second, they help us understand the apparent negligible impact of immigration on native wages and employment levels. Third, they suggest that, via adjustments in natives' task specialization and occupational upgrading, immigration may help increase job mobility, which could positively contribute to labor market efficiency by improving the quality of job matches (Raphael and Riker 1999). Finally, the results inform on some of the specific impacts of immigration in the host country labor market and, in particular, help predict occupational distribution changes among native men and women that may be crucial for future economic growth.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Complements or substitutes? Task specialization by gender and nativity in Spain

Amuedo‐Dorantes

¹

,

Rica

²

2011

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. www.econstor.eu Terms of use: Documents in EconStor may D I S C U S S I O N P A P E R S E R I E S ABSTRACT Complements or Substitutes? Task Specialization by Gender and Nativity in Spain *Learning about the impact of immigration on the labor market outcomes of natives is a topic of major concern for immigrant-receiving countries. There exists an extensive literature evaluating the impact of immigration on the employment and wages of natives in the U.S. Yet, despite the significant degree of occupational segregation by gender regardless of workers' origin, the literature has traditionally treated male and female immigrants as a homogenous group when examining the impact of immigration on native workers. Instead, using data from Spain, where the immigrant population has risen from 4 percent to 10 percent of the population within a decade, we allow for male and female foreign-born workers to have distinct impacts on the employment patterns of native men and women. This proves to be important as foreign-born workers only seem to have a significant impact on the employment pattern of native workers of the same sex. Furthermore, foreign-born male (female) workers do not appear to be perfect substitutes of similarly skilled native male (female) workers, which may help explain the null or small impacts of immigration on native employment and wages. Instead, immigration appears to have affected the task specialization and occupational distribution of natives of the same gender. IntroductionThe impact of immigration on the host country's labor market is a topic of major concern for many immigrant-receiving nations. There is a large and growing literature on the consequences of migration on the employment and wages of native workers in the U.S. (see Borjas (1994Borjas ( , 1995Borjas ( , 1999Borjas ( , 2003Borjas ( , 2005, Borjas and Katz (2007), Card (1990, 2001, 2005 We first find that, owing to occupational segregation by gender, the impact of immigrant men on the occupational distribution of native women is negligible, just as the impact of immigrant women is insignificant on the occupational distribution of native men.Secondly, foreign-born male (female) workers do not appear to be perfect substitutes of similarly skilled native male (female) workers, which may help explain the null or small impacts of immigration on native employment and wages. Instead, immigration appears to have affected the task specialization and occupational distribution of natives. Spe...

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“…This would yield a mean difference in the expected value of wages between employed individuals with and without cars. Alternatively, to the extent that workers without cars 6 inelastically supply their labor to employers located within the immediate vicinity of their residences, employers may take advantage of their relative immobility and pay wages below marginal revenue product (Raphael and Riker 1999). Holding all else equal, this form of wage discrimination would again induce an earnings difference between workers with and without cars.…”

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confidence: 99%

Car ownership, employment, and earnings

Raphael

¹

,

Rice

²

2002

Journal of Urban Economics

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for many helpful comments. We are especially grateful to Michael Provence for first suggesting the empirical strategy pursued here. This research was supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation, SBR-9709197 and a grant from the Joint Center for Poverty Research. AbstractIn this paper, we attempt to assess whether the positive effects of car ownership on employment outcomes observed in past research are causal. We match state-level data on average car insurance premiums and average per-gallon gas taxes to a nationally representative microdata sample containing information on car ownership and employment outcomes comparable to the those explored in previous research. In OLS regressions that control for observable demographic and human capital variables, we find large differences in employment rates, weekly hours worked, and hourly earnings between those with and without cars. Instrumenting car ownership on insurance and gas tax costs yields estimates of the employment and hours effects of car ownership that are quite close to the OLS estimates. Concerning wages, the IV models yield negative effects of car ownership on wages. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that employers located in states with high auto maintenance costs must pay compensating differentials to their employees. When we stratify the sample by skill groupings, we find positive significant employment and hours effects for all skill groups, with larger car-employment effects for low-skilled workers and comparable hours effects across skill categories. Again, the IV results for wages yield negative effects that are insignificant for low-and mediumskilled workers and significant for high-skilled workers. JEL Codes: E24, J22, J61, R411 Suburban land use is often governed by zoning laws dictating strict separation of uses --e.g., physical separation of residential from commercial or industrial uses of land --and limiting density through such mechanisms as restrictions on building-height, parking-availability and, for housing, minimum lot sizes (Fischel 1985). Such laws spatially diffuse suburban labor demand, creating multiple employment centers rarely within walking distance of housing and difficult to service by public transit.

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“…In addition, the April 2010 issue of Journal of Labor Economics contains eight articles finding various degrees of monopsony power, both in the U.S. and in other countries. Earlier evidence of monopsony power, and/or an environment ripe for monopsony power, has been found in labor markets for women (Ofek and Merrill 1997, Hirsch et al 2006, and Barth and Dale-Olsen 2009, for blacks (Raphael and Riker 1999), and even in the world of sports (Scully 1989, Zimbalist 1992, and Scott et al 1985.…”

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confidence: 99%

Employer Monopsony Power in the Labor Market for Undocumented Workers

Hotchkiss

¹

,

Quispe-Agnoli

²

2009

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Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Abstract: Using matched employer-employee data from the state of Georgia, this paper investigates how differences in wage responsiveness contribute to the determination of observed wage differentials between documented and undocumented workers. Facing fewer employment opportunities, undocumented workers are found to be about 22 percent less sensitive than documented workers to employers' wage adjustments. In addition, this difference in wage responsiveness accounts for 27 percent of the observed within-firm wage differential between documented and undocumented workers. Implications of the results for recent state immigration legislation are discussed. Terms of use: Documents inJEL classification: J42, J61, J2

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Geographic Mobility, Race, and Wage Differentials

Cited by 50 publications

References 19 publications

Complements or substitutes? Task specialization by gender and nativity in Spain

Complements or substitutes? Task specialization by gender and nativity in Spain

Car ownership, employment, and earnings

Employer Monopsony Power in the Labor Market for Undocumented Workers

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