Geographical Distribution and Environmental Correlates of Eleutherosides and Isofraxidin in Eleutherococcus senticosus from Natural Populations in Forests at Northeast China

Abstract

Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) derived from understory plants are attracting attention about sustainable forestry development. Geographical distribution and climate correlates of bioactive compounds are important to the regional management for the natural reserves of medical plants in forests. In this study, we collected Eleutherococcus senticosus individuals from 27 plots to map the special distribution of concentrations of eleutheroside B, eleutheroside E, and isofraxidin in forests of Northeast China. Compound concentrations in both aerial and underground organs were further detected for relationships with the average of 20-year records of temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity (RH). We found higher shoot eleutheroside B concentration in populations in northern and low-temperature regions (R = −0.4394; P = 0.0218) and in eastern and high-RH montane forests (R = 0.5003; P = 0.0079). The maximum-likelihood regression indicated that both RH (Pr > Chi-square, 0.0201) and longitude (Pr > Chi-square, 0.0026) had positive contributions to eleutheroside B concentration in roots, but precipitation had strongly negative contributions to the concentrations of eleutheroside E (Pr > Chi-square, 0.0309) and isofraxidin (Pr > Chi-square, 0.0014) in roots. Both geography and climate factors had effects on the special distribution of medical compounds in E. senticosus plants in natural populations in Northeast China. The management of NWFP plants at the regional scale should consider effects from climatic geography.

Can Urban Forest Settings Evoke Positive Emotion? Evidence on Facial Expressions and Detection of Driving Factors

“…Although other physiological factors such as relative humidity and wind velocity may have had a close relationship with the change in temperature, their contributions to sad expression scores were covered by the gradient of latitude. Latitude gradients may generate an integrated impact on sad scores with a combination of several environmental factors [37,38]. Environmental factors had no contributions to the sad expression scores in our study, which concurs with earlier findings from a pilot investigation [29].…”

“…Weather records were derived from city-wide stations. Topographic gradients of longitude and latitude information was also recorded as parts of the potential driving forces because their gradients can be related to change in regional climates [37,38].…”

Analysis of Endophyte Diversity of Rheum palmatum from Different Production Areas in Gansu Province of China and the Association with Secondary Metabolite

“…Many reports have shown that the secondary metabolites of medicinal plants from different areas are different [ 13 ]. At present, much of the research has focused on the impact of the external ecological environment on medicinal plants, such as temperature, rainfall, light, and so on [ 14 ]. However, the effect of the internal environment of medicinal plants has seldomly been studied.…”

Isofraxidin: Synthesis, Biosynthesis, Isolation, Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacological Properties

“…Besides, owing to their anti-inflammatory [7], anticoagulant [8], antioxidant [9], anticancer [4,10], hepatoprotective [11], antidiabetic [12], neuroprotective [13], anxiolytic [14], antidepressant [15], antibacterial [16], and cardioprotective [17] effects, researchers have focused their attention on the synthesis of coumarins derivatives in addition to their isolation and purification from natural entities [18]. As one of the most prominent hydroxy coumarins, 7-hydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy coumarin [isofraxidin, IF] along with other related lead compounds (Figure 1), such as 8-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxycoumarin [ [19][20][21][22][23][24]. In this regard, IF has shown several biological and pharmacological activities including antioxidant [25], cardioprotective [26], weight loss [27], anti-osteoarthritis [28], antimalarial [29], and neuroprotective [30] effects, with promising anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects.…”

“…As one of the most prominent hydroxy coumarins, 7-hydroxy-6,8-dimethoxy coumarin [isofraxidin, IF] along with other related lead compounds ( Figure 1 ), such as 8-hydroxy-6,7-dimethoxycoumarin [fraxidin], 7, 8-dihydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin [fraxetin], 5, 6-dihydroxy-7-methoxycoumarin [isofraxetin], 6-hydroxy-5, 7-dimethoxycoumarin [fraxinol], and 7-hydroxy-6-methoxycoumarin 8-glucoside [fraxin] are natural-based multi-targets, isolated from several phytomedicines especially in Acantopanax, Achillea, Artemisia, and Fraxinus genera. IF and related compounds attenuate multiple destructive signaling mediators and therapeutic targets in some diseases [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. In this regard, IF has shown several biological and pharmacological activities including antioxidant [ 25 ], cardioprotective [ 26 ], weight loss [ 27 ], anti-osteoarthritis [ 28 ], antimalarial [ 29 ], and neuroprotective [ 30 ] effects, with promising anticancer and anti-inflammatory effects.…”