Geographical variation in circadian eclosion rhythm and photoperiodic adult diapause inDrosophila littoralis

Lankinen, Pekka

doi:10.1007/bf00612503

Cited by 146 publications

(118 citation statements)

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“…Analyses of the phenology of growth cessation under natural conditions reveal a photoperiod x temperature interaction (Koski 1985). Lankinen (1986), among others, has demonstrated a latitudinal dine in critical photoperiod for diapause response in Drosophila strains. In herbaceous plants photoperiodic responses are related first of all to flowering but also to overwintering.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

Plant adaptation to temperature and photoperiod

Junttila

1996

AFSci

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Plants respond to environmental conditions both by adaptation and by acclimation. The ability of the plants to grow, reproduce and survive under changing climatic conditions depends on the efficiency of adaptation and acclimation. The adaptation of developmental processes in plants to temperature and photoperiod is briefly reviewed. In annual plants this adaptation is related to growth capacity and to the timing of reproduction. In perennial plants growing under northern conditions, adaptation of the annual growth cycle to the local climatic cycle is of primary importance. Examples of the role of photothermal conditions in regulation of these phenological processes are given and discussed. The genetic and physiological bases for climatic adaptation in plants are briefly examined.Key words: development, flowering, frost resistance, growth ntroduction Plants respond to environmental conditions by both adaptation and acclimation. Adaptation consists of heritable modifications in structures or functions that increase the probability of an organism surviving and reproducing in a particular environment. Acclimation refers to nonheritable modifications caused by exposure of an organism to a changing environment, and is based on the structural and physiological plasticity of the plants. Plasticity is a unique feature of plants that has been suggested to have significance as an integral part of the mechanisms by which plants (a) control reproductive effort and (b) capture resources from their environments (Grime et al. 1986). Some plant characteristics. such as flower structures, seed and fruit anatomy, have very low plasticity. However, many of the basic characteristics that are important for plant growth and development and for plant yield, such as numbers of meristems, numbers of various organs, rates of division and expansion, show high plasticity (see also Trewavas 1986). Processes such as the breaking of dormancy by chilling and induction ofcold hardening by low temperature treatments are also expressions of the acclimation abilities of plants. Acclimation has, of course, a genetic basis and so is linked to adaptation. High plasticity and a high capacity for acclimation can be of major adaptive significance.The al. 1993). The phytotron is an indispensable research facility for systematically analysing the effects of climatic factors on plant growth and development, and a combination of phytotron and genetic approaches provides a powerful tool for studies on plant adaptation.As a result ofevolution and adaptation, there are 250 000 species of flowering plants. Intraspecies adaptation has resulted in climatic, as well as edaphic, ecotypes. Turesson (1922) defined ecotype as a genotypic response to the various environments in which the species is found. Ecotype is also used as a part of a dine. Environmental conditions may change gradually over the geographic range of a species, and dine is used to describe a gradual change in a character over this geographic range. Quantitative, physiological characters, such as r...

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confidence: 97%

Plant adaptation to temperature and photoperiod

Junttila

1996

AFSci

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“…Most recently, in Arctic reindeer, unlike in more temperate species, melatonin synthesis was found to be driven exclusively by ambient illumination, which, coupled to the absence of circadian rhythmicity of two clock genes, suggests the circadian clock is weak or absent in Arctic animals (Lu et al, 2010). However, probably the best described latitudinal clines in various fundamental properties of the circadian pacemaker controlling rhythmicity concern aspects of behaviour in Drosophila [eclosion (Lankinen, 1986;Lankinen, 1993;Pittendirgh and Takamura, 1989;Pittendirgh et al, 1991;Joshi and Gore, 1999); oviposition (Allemand and David, 1976;Allemand and David, 1984;Satralkar et al, 2007a;Satralkar et al, 2007b;Keny et al, 2008); and locomotion (Joshi, 1999;Simunovic and Jaenike, 2006)]. Most of the effects of latitude on Drosophila behaviour can be interpreted as an increased strength of the circadian pacemaker in equatorial populations.…”

Section: Relationship Between Reliance On Endogenous Signals and Latimentioning

confidence: 99%

A latitudinal cline in the efficacy of endogenous signals: evidence derived from retinal cone contraction in fish

Yammouni

Bozzano

Douglas

2011

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYLike many physiological systems synchronised to the light:dark cycle, retinomotor movements in 'lower' vertebrates are controlled by both the ambient illumination and input from endogenous circadian oscillators. In the present study, we examine the relative influence of these two signals in various species of teleost fish with different latitudes of origin. We find equatorial species show very strong endogenous control. The cones of the glowlight tetra, for example, continue to go through undiminished cycles of contraction and relaxation that mirror the previous light:dark cycle for at least two weeks in continual darkness. To quantify the relative effectiveness of the ambient light compared with endogenous signals in causing cone contraction, the degree to which seven teleost species responded to light during the dark phase of their light:dark cycle was examined. In this situation the retina receives conflicting instructions; while the light is acting directly to cause light adaptation, any endogenous signal tends to keep the retinal elements dark adapted. The further from the equator a species originated, the more its cones contracted in response to such illumination, suggesting animals from higher latitudes make little use of endogenous oscillators and rely more on ambient illumination to control behaviours. Equatorial species, however, rely on internal pacemakers to a much greater degree and are relatively insensitive to exogenous light signals. Because these data are consistent with published observations in systems as diverse as melatonin synthesis in Arctic reindeer and the behaviour of regional populations of Drosophila, latitudinal clines in the efficacy of circadian oscillators may be a common feature among animals.

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“…Eclosion in Trichogramma species occurs during the morning hours, as in many other diurnal insects (Saunders, 1982;Lankinen, 1986;Ruberson et al, 1988;Pompanon et al, 1995). This timing may have two advan tages.…”

Section: Adaptive Value Of the Eclosion Rhythmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This timing may have two advan tages. First, in the morning, when the humidity is higher than in the middle of the day, the conditions are appar ently more favourable for emergence, as they prevent the insects from too much loss of water (Lankinen, 1986). Secondly, eclosion at the onset of photophase allows the parasitoids to start their reproductive activity immediately, and thus reduces the risk of dying before laying eggs (Pompanon et al, 1995).…”

Section: Adaptive Value Of the Eclosion Rhythmmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, it is difficult to predict a precise time of emergence in this species. In many other aerial insects inhabiting northern regions, eclosion rhythms cannot be considered as a "gated" phenomenon, because of its high flexibility (Mul ler, 1973;Lankinen, 1986;Fischer et al, 1990). This fea ture may be of adaptive value, since in a northern climate it is important to react directly to favourable but unpre dictable changes of environmental factors at any time of day (Riihimaa, 1996;Lankinen & Riihimaa, 1997).…”

Section: Adaptive Value Of the Eclosion Rhythmmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interaction of exogenous factors (light and temperature) in their influence on the daily pattern of adult eclosion in Trichogramma embryophagum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

Карпова¹,

Reznik²

2002

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract.A comparative study of the direct influence of single, non-repetitive changes of light and/or temperature on the daily pat tern of adult eclosion was conducted in laboratory conditions with the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma embryophagum (Hartig). In all experiments, the entire development occurred under the same regimen (12L : 12D, 20°C). However, just in the day when records of eclosion were made, the time of light-on was changed (from the total absence of a dark period to the 12-h-long scotophase). In addi tion, in different treatments of each experiment a thermophase (30°C during 2 or 4 hours) was applied in various positions relative to light-on. Results showed that light-on or a temperature step-up could induce eclosion in a certain percentage of individuals practi cally at any time of the 24-h-long cycle (masking effects). The fraction of adults emerging during 2 h after the beginning of the action of an exogenous factor depended not only on the preceding scotophase duration, but also on the stimulus itself (light, tempera ture or both). The temperature stimulus was found to modify the responsiveness to light considerably, depending on the order of application of the stimuli. The simultaneous action of light-on and a temperature step-up exerted a more considerable influence than could be expected based on their separate impacts. On the contrary, a high temperature pulse preceding the onset of the photophase inhibited the response of individuals to light-on, evidently acting by phase delay of a circadian rhythm of light responsiveness. These effects were more pronounced in the first half of the 12-h-long scotophase. The data suggest a complex interaction between the exogenous factors in their influence on the daily pattern of adult eclosion.

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Geographical variation in circadian eclosion rhythm and photoperiodic adult diapause inDrosophila littoralis

Cited by 146 publications

References 41 publications

Plant adaptation to temperature and photoperiod

Plant adaptation to temperature and photoperiod

A latitudinal cline in the efficacy of endogenous signals: evidence derived from retinal cone contraction in fish

Interaction of exogenous factors (light and temperature) in their influence on the daily pattern of adult eclosion in Trichogramma embryophagum (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)

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