Geopolymer-Based Artificial Aggregates: A Review on Methods of Producing, Properties, and Improving Techniques

Almadani, Mohammad; Razak, Rafiza Abd; Abdullah, Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri; Raiss, Mohamed

doi:10.3390/ma15165516

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 108 publications

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“…The immobilization of heavy metal cations was estimated to affect the formation of the basic structure of the geopolymer. Hence, the immobilization of these metal cations could reduce the compressive strength [10]. For the Sr 2+ and Cd 2+ , there was an increase after the addition of 4000 ppm of cations in which it might be caused by the replacement effect of counter ion during the geopolymerisation.…”

Section: Compressive Strength Of Heavy Metal-geopolymermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Leaching that occurred in the Sr 2+geopolymer proved that this cation was immobilized weakly by the fly ash-based geopolymer compared to other metal ions. According to van Almadhani et al [10], the efficiency of immobilization was highly dependent on the valence and radius of the added ion. However, this ion was the weakest immobilized so that it was easily leached.…”

Section: Microstructure Of Heavy Metal-geopolymermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The immobilization process may occur through the formation of chemical bonds between the metal cation with the geopolymer matrix and the physical encapsulation of the cation in the geopolymer matrix. However, it turns out that the presence of immobilized heavy metal ions in the geopolymer matrix may reduce the compressive strength [9,10,15,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication and characterization of fly ash-based geopolymer and its performance for immobilization of heavy metal cations

Iqbal¹,

Supriadi²,

Burhan³

et al. 2022

CST

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In this study, the geopolymer from fly ash as based-raw material has been examined on the ability of several heavy metal ions immobilization. The fly ash has been provided from PT IPMOMI which firstly analyzed the physical and chemical properties. Fly ash and heavy metals were mixed with an activator base until homogeneous, then cast into a cylindrical shape mold following ASTM C 39-86 and left for 7 days. After that, the geopolymer was characterized by SEM, FTIR, XRD, compressive strength test and TCLP. The diffractogram of PT. IPMOMI fly ash exhibited the existence of mullite, alumina and iron oxide phase, which were suitable with XRF result. From FTIR spectra, the vibration on finger print area appeared indicating the vibration of T-O-T from geopolymer network. The observation revealed that the addition of Pb2+ cations caused microcracking from SEM image and affected the compressive strength of the geopolymer. Sr2+ was an ion that was very easilyleached compared to other three ions, and it caused a weak interaction between Sr2+ and geopolymer network. The higher amount of metal ions into the geopolymer network reduced the compressive strength of geopolymer. Sr2+-geopolymer had a lower compressive strength compared to Pb2+, Cd2+, and Co2+.

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Section: Compressive Strength Of Heavy Metal-geopolymermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Microstructure Of Heavy Metal-geopolymermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fabrication and characterization of fly ash-based geopolymer and its performance for immobilization of heavy metal cations

Iqbal¹,

Supriadi²,

Burhan³

et al. 2022

CST

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“…Natural coarse aggregates were replaced with recycled concrete aggregates as one solution for reducing the depletion of natural resources in various concrete applications [ 10 , 11 ]. Thus, the use of such agricultural by-products as a partial replacement for the components of the concrete mixture will allow not only the establishment of a large-scale, full-fledged and environmentally friendly process of recycling agricultural-production waste, but also a significant reduction in the cost of concrete, as well as a reduction in the use of non-renewable concrete components, due to their replacement with rapidly renewable natural analogues, which corresponds to the concept of sustainable development [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Walnut-Shell Additive on the Structure and Characteristics of Concrete

et al. 2023

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The partial replacement of the mineral components of concrete with natural renewable analogues in full possession of the performance characteristics of the final material, allows not only the concrete-production process to be made more environmentally friendly and inexpensive, but also to solve an important task for the agricultural industry, which is that associated with waste disposal. The scientific novelty of the work is in the obtaining of new concrete compositions by the partial replacement of coarse aggregate with a natural analogue in the form of a walnut shell, which has the maximum ratio of the strength of the composite to its density, as well as in identifying new dependencies of strength and density and their ratio on the amount of replacement of mineral coarse-aggregate walnut shell. The main goal of this article was to analyze the effect of composition factors on characteristics of concrete with partial replacement of large aggregates with walnut shells and to search for the optimal compound that would make it possible to obtain concrete with a minimum decrease in strength characteristics with a maximum decrease in concrete density. Cubes and prism laboratory samples were made from concrete of normal density with the replacement of coarse aggregate by 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30%, by volume. The main mechanical properties, such as density, strength (compressive, tensile, tensile strength in bending) of the concrete samples were studied. The investigation used standard methods and scanning electron microscopy. An increase into strength characteristics up to 3.5%, as well as the maximum ratio of strength to density of concrete, was observed at a walnut-shell dosage of 5%. Effective partial replacement of coarse aggregate with walnut shells leads to a reduction in the consumption of crushed stone by up to 10% and a decrease in the mass of concrete by up to 6%.

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“…The literature shows how the environmental applications of the granulation process with geopolymers still need to be explored, despite their high potential, especially in the case of stabilization/solidification of hazardous waste [ 29 , 30 ]. In this context, this study aimed to contribute to the research of sustainable S/S treatments by exploring the feasibility of cement-free granulation for the recycling of organically and inorganically contaminated marine sediments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Contaminated Marine Sediment and Industrial By-Products through Combined Stabilization/Solidification and Granulation Treatment

et al. 2023

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Stabilization/solidification (S/S) is becoming increasingly important, as it allows the remediation of contaminated sediments and their recovery into materials for civil engineering. This research proposes a cement-free cold granulation process for manufactured low-cost aggregates from marine sediments contaminated with organic compounds and metals. After the chemo-physical characterization of the study materials, two mix designs were prepared in a rotary plate granulator by adding two industrial by-products as geopolymer precursors, coal fly ash (CFA) and Blast Furnace Slag (BFS), but also alkaline activation solutions, water, and a fluidizer. The results indicated that sediments treated with mix 1 (i.e., with a higher percentage of water and fluidifier) represent the optimal solution in terms of metal leachability. The metal leachability was strictly influenced by aggregates’ porosity, density, and microstructure. The technical performance (such as the aggregate impact value > 30%) suggested the use of granules as lightweight aggregates for pavement construction. The results indicated that cold granulation represents a sustainable solution to recycling contaminated marine sediments, CFA, and BFS into lightweight artificial aggregates.

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Geopolymer-Based Artificial Aggregates: A Review on Methods of Producing, Properties, and Improving Techniques

Cited by 20 publications

References 108 publications

Fabrication and characterization of fly ash-based geopolymer and its performance for immobilization of heavy metal cations

Fabrication and characterization of fly ash-based geopolymer and its performance for immobilization of heavy metal cations

Effect of Walnut-Shell Additive on the Structure and Characteristics of Concrete

Recycling of Contaminated Marine Sediment and Industrial By-Products through Combined Stabilization/Solidification and Granulation Treatment

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