Geothermal resources for sustainable development: A case study

Baba, Alper; Chandrasekharam, D.

doi:10.1002/er.7778

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…In the case of EGS energy source, currently, EGS is in its development stage and being adopted by several countries (France, Australia, Germany, China, UK, and USA) due to the availability of high radiogenic granites (Koelbel and Genter 2017 ; Breede et al 2013 ; Pan et al 2019 ; Somerville et al 1994 ; Ledingham et al 2019 ; Cooper et al 2010 ; Chandrasekharam and Baba 2021 ; Baba and Chandrasekharam 2022 ). The Levelized Cost of electricity generated from EGS sources is currently higher than the other energy sources (Table 3 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This cost does not exist in the case of electricity generated from the geothermal energy source. Thus, electricity generated from geothermal energy sources is much cheaper compared to the electricity generated from fossil fuels energy sources (Ikram 2021 , Baba and Chandrasekaram, 2022 ). In addition to the future cost reduction due to advancement in drilling technology, the advantage that Turkey (western Anatolian region) has is the presence of Curie depth point at shallower depth (~ 12 km) and high heat flow values over the entire region (Akin et al 2014 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to the future cost reduction due to advancement in drilling technology, the advantage that Turkey (western Anatolian region) has is the presence of Curie depth point at shallower depth (~ 12 km) and high heat flow values over the entire region (Akin et al 2014 ). These factors aid in reducing the depth of drilling and thus reducing further the cost of electricity generated from EGS source (Cooper et al 2010 ; Chandrasekharam and Baba 2021 , Baba and Chandrasekharam 2022 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon dioxide emissions mitigation strategy through enhanced geothermal systems: western Anatolia, Turkey

Chandrasekharam

Baba

2022

Environ Earth Sci

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Although Turkey is not the biggest GHG polluter, its emissions have increased by 110.4% since 1990. Currently, its CO 2 emissions alone have crossed 400 Mt. Within the scope of 2 °C targets (2D scenario), the country can easily surpass this target test by increasing its renewable energy sources as a primary energy source mix, by developing its Enhanced Geothermal Sources (EGS) locked up in the radiogenic granites of western Anatolia. The radiogenic heat generated by these granites, spread over an area of 4221 sq. km, varies from 5.3 to 16.34 µW/m 3 . Based on the electricity generation capacity of granites from Soultz-sous-Forets and Cooper Basin EGS sites, the combined electricity generation capacity of Kestanbol and Kozak granite plutons is about 830 billion kWh. For the period extending from 2019 to 2023, Turkey is aiming at reducing the usage of gas for electricity generation from 29.9 to 20.7%, increasing the share of renewable energy sources from 32.5 to 38.8%, increasing the electricity production from local energy sources from 150 to 219 TWh and increasing the electricity usage per-capita from 3.7 to 4.3 MWh. These energy targets can be achieved by major contributions from hydrothermal and EGS energy sources. This review demonstrates that besides electricity and heat, EGS energy can be utilized, together with other renewable energy sources, such as hydrothermal, wind, and concentrated solar for providing fresh water through the desalination process. These energy sources would provide food, energy, and water security to the country for several decades.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbon dioxide emissions mitigation strategy through enhanced geothermal systems: western Anatolia, Turkey

Chandrasekharam

Baba

2022

Environ Earth Sci

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“…Baba and Chandrasekharam ( 2022 ) found that direct geothermal heating of homes and hotels in Turkey utilizes 2339 MWt of heat, resulting in a 40% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. In Pratiwi and Trutnevyte ( 2021 ) study, geothermal energy was combined with waste incineration and natural gas boilers to replace 50% of the natural gas consumption, leading to a significant decrease of 60% in greenhouse gas emissions.…”

Section: Green Solutions For Home Heatingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies to save energy in the context of the energy crisis: a review

et al. 2023

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New technologies, systems, societal organization and policies for energy saving are urgently needed in the context of accelerated climate change, the Ukraine conflict and the past coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. For instance, concerns about market and policy responses that could lead to new lock-ins, such as investing in liquefied natural gas infrastructure and using all available fossil fuels to compensate for Russian gas supply cuts, may hinder decarbonization efforts. Here we review energy-saving solutions with a focus on the actual energy crisis, green alternatives to fossil fuel heating, energy saving in buildings and transportation, artificial intelligence for sustainable energy, and implications for the environment and society. Green alternatives include biomass boilers and stoves, hybrid heat pumps, geothermal heating, solar thermal systems, solar photovoltaics systems into electric boilers, compressed natural gas and hydrogen. We also detail case studies in Germany which is planning a 100% renewable energy switch by 2050 and developing the storage of compressed air in China, with emphasis on technical and economic aspects. The global energy consumption in 2020 was 30.01% for the industry, 26.18% for transport, and 22.08% for residential sectors. 10–40% of energy consumption can be reduced using renewable energy sources, passive design strategies, smart grid analytics, energy-efficient building systems, and intelligent energy monitoring. Electric vehicles offer the highest cost-per-kilometer reduction of 75% and the lowest energy loss of 33%, yet battery-related issues, cost, and weight are challenging. 5–30% of energy can be saved using automated and networked vehicles. Artificial intelligence shows a huge potential in energy saving by improving weather forecasting and machine maintenance and enabling connectivity across homes, workplaces, and transportation. For instance, 18.97–42.60% of energy consumption can be reduced in buildings through deep neural networking. In the electricity sector, artificial intelligence can automate power generation, distribution, and transmission operations, balance the grid without human intervention, enable lightning-speed trading and arbitrage decisions at scale, and eliminate the need for manual adjustments by end-users.

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“…2). Although the RHP of the granites of western Anatolia is lower than that of Saudi Arabian granites, the advantage Turkey has is the disposition of high-temperature isotherm (Curie point temperature-depth) at a very shallow depth (6 to 12 km [1,3] and a foundered continental and thinned crust due to the Alpine-Himalayan orogeny.…”

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confidence: 99%

Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) for UN sustainable development goals

Chandrasekharam

2022

Discov Energy

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Energy-water-food nexus, the three interdependent primary requirements are essential for life and the need of the hour by the world. The Covid-19 pandemic has proved that countries that are food independent can survive any stressed conditions. For food security, water is essential. Countries that are self-sufficient with water can overcome situations like what the world experienced in the last 2 years. Energy independent countries can be water secured at a cost that will disturb the environment. But when this energy is green and free from carbon footprint, it will promote sustainable development of a country, providing water and food. This technology, which is in its development stage now, will be the future "energy road" to the countries. High radiogenic granites, omnipresent, with low carbon, and low land footprint, can power the millions. In enhanced geothermal systems or engineered geothermal systems (EGS), as the name implies, a reservoir is created in a hot rock, that is devoid of water, and heat from the rock is mined by circulating water or supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO 2 ) [12]. Three dimensional simulations of EGS systems operated with CO 2 as injection fluid (heat extraction fluid) instead of water was used by Pruess [13] indicate that gravity effects were found to be strong and capable of inducing preferential flow in the bottom of the thermal reservoir. The advantage of ScCO 2 is to avoid water based reservoir that inhibits water rock-interaction, resulting in the precipitation of secondary minerals and clogging the fracture openings. This circulating ScCO 2 is a future promising heat extraction medium with minimum liability on the thermal reservoir.This heat from the granites is utilized for generating electricity, providing heat to support agriculture, space heating, dehydration and finally providing low-cost freshwater from the sea through desalination technology.Unlike hydrothermal resources, that are site-specific, EGS has no such restrictions. Starting with traditional hydrofracturing technology, which was established in Soultz-sous-Forets, France and Cooper basin, Australia [9,11], now EGS is bouncing into a new development of a "closed-loop" system of technology, extracting heat from the granites. This method, unlike the conventional hydrofracturing method, is free from induced seismicity. The closed-loop EGS system is also known as the advanced geothermal systems (AGS) uses a co-axial U-loop in which the working fluid (water or ScCO2) will not enter the rock or flow into the rock fractures [2]. The loop acts as heat exchanger, transferring heat from the rock to the circulating fluid that is collected or flows into a production well. Simulations studies were conducted using varying injection temperatures and varying reservoir temperatures and flow rate [2]. The results show that annual power generation from this system could vary from 2 to 15 GWh with a levelized unit cost of power around US$ 20 to 110 /MWh. Over the years, with technological development this cost could be brought down. ...

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Geothermal resources for sustainable development: A case study

Cited by 23 publications

References 45 publications

Carbon dioxide emissions mitigation strategy through enhanced geothermal systems: western Anatolia, Turkey

Carbon dioxide emissions mitigation strategy through enhanced geothermal systems: western Anatolia, Turkey

Strategies to save energy in the context of the energy crisis: a review

Enhanced geothermal systems (EGS) for UN sustainable development goals

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