GeoVCM: Virtual Urban Digital Twin System Augmenting Virtual and Real Geo-spacial Data

Digital Twins and Enabling Technologies in Museums and Cultural Heritage: An Overview

“…from an aircraft or satellite [ 4 ] or from drones [ 10 , 15 , 43 ]. It measures emitted or reflected radiation (in agriculture [ 2 ]), realizes inertial localization [ 5 , 19 ] or generates point clouds [ 14 , 28 ]. For 3D reconstruction in content-centric DTs, objects or artwork are scanned in their surroundings using camera [ 1 ], CCD (charge-coupled device) [ 9 ], laser [ 8 , 29 , 42 ], photogrammetry, triangulation in point clouds or other methods [ 9 , 14 , 24 , 38 , 40 ].…”

“…Urban DT has the features IoT Server + AR city miniature + AR head-mounted device (HMD) + tabletop interface + 3D city map + geo-localization [ 19 ].…”

“…Based on a reference corpus resulting from a search for scientific publications in books, journals and conference papers on the keywords virtual museums , digital twins , emerging technologies and sensor in leading science databases [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ], we classify DTs according to their application areas, relevant technologies and concepts depending on type, focus and features, sensor technology used and adaptation or innovation power throughout their life cycle. Design, realization, operation and evolution are guided by experts, engineers, customers, curators, software engineers and visitors, all of whom define adequate quality criteria (QC) and metrics (QM) for DTs and ViMs V&VA.…”

“…In this review paper, we examine prominent science databases for occurrences of the terms virtual, museum, digital, twin, emerging, technologies, and sensor in journals, book chapters, conference papers and ePublications. Recent searches in Scopus, IEEEXplore, and Google Scholar with the search string “virtual AND museum AND digital AND twin AND emerging AND technologies AND sensor” yield 43 relevant publications [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 ] from the last 13 years, 34 of which were in Scopus, 3 of which were excluded because the keywords were used in other meanings, such as “Siamese twins” (cf. Figure 1 and Figure A1 in the Appendix A ).…”

“…The corpus and other relevant references studied have focused on introductory overviews, taxonomies, DTs with different orientations and various features, and augmented DTs in a variety of ways. Before turning to a systematic approach in Section 2 highlighting these papers, we offer a list of these foci: Digital twin modeling [ 3 ], digital twin in Industry: State-of-the-art [ 46 ], fused twins [ 4 ], applications of digital twin across industries [ 47 ], digital twin reference model development to prevent operators’ risk in process plants [ 48 ], DUET: A framework for building secure and trusted digital twins of smart cities [ 49 ], risk-informed digital twins for the built environment [ 50 ], urban digital twins [ 19 ], digital twin paradigm [ 36 ], augmented reality and digital twin system for interaction [ 37 ], digital twin augmentation [ 38 ], feature-oriented digital twins for life cycle phases and risk-informed DT [ 39 ], 3D reconstruction, digital twinning and virtual reality [ 41 ], populating the data space for cultural heritage with heritage digital twins [ 42 ], and robot DT [ 43 ]. A methodological analysis is given in Section 2 .…”