Germanium and indium

Shanks, William; Kimball, Briant A.; Tolcin, Amy C.; Guberman, David E.

doi:10.3133/pp1802i

Cited by 29 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Germaniumbearing ores are hosted in a variety of deposit that contains Au, Pb, and Ag, apart from those of Cu and Zn. Deposit types that contain significant amounts of Ge include volcanogenichosted massive sulfide (VMS), sedimentary exhalative (SEDEX), Mississippi Valley-type (MVT), Pb-Zn (including Irish-type Zn-Pb deposits), Kipushi-type Zn-Pb-Cu replacement bodies in carbonate rocks, polymetallic Zn-Sn vein, and coal deposits [9].…”

Section: Germanium-bearing Minerals and Residuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most significant carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb-Cu deposits that contain notable amounts of Ge are the Kipushi deposit in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Kabwe deposits in Zambia [9]. Germanium averages 68 ppm in bulk samples in the Kipushi deposit and occurs substituted in sulfide minerals, although it sometimes occurs in separate Cu-Fe-Ge sulfide minerals [17].…”

Section: Germanium-bearing Minerals and Residuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Germanium was initially used industrially in transistors due to its semiconductor properties. However, it was later replaced by silicon, which has better behavior with respect to temperature [9]. In 2016, Ge applications in solar cells, fiber optics, metallurgy, and chemotherapy and as catalyst for polymerization of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) comprised in 2016 almost 80% of the global consumption of Ge [20,[28][29][30].…”

Section: Germanium Production and Its Main Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2017, the worldwide production of Ge was estimated to be about 134,000 kg that is mainly recovered from Zn concentrates, coal deposits, coal fly ashes, and recycled materials [20]. While several authors have reported an increase (~30%) of the Ge production in the last decade, it is known that Ge reserve is scarce and it is estimated to be 8600 tons [9,28,34,35]. The contradiction between the increasing consumption and the scarce reserve of Ge is becoming more notorious and has been contributed to a strong recycling process for Ge.…”

Section: Germanium Production and Its Main Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As pure element, Ge has a metallic appearance at room temperature and behaves brittle with increasing mechanical deformation. In addition, Ge has a high refractive index and low chromatic dispersion and ability to form extended three-dimensional networks of Ge-O tetrahedra like Si-O [1,9]. These physical properties determine the high economic importance of Ge and compounds in the industry sector.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Germanium (Ge) is considered a critical element due to its many industrial applications; Ge is a metalloid used in solar cells, fiber optics, metallurgy, chemotherapy, and polymerization catalysis. The main sources of Ge are sulfides ores of Zn, Pb, and Cu, coal deposits, as well as by-products and residues from the processing of these ores and coals (e.g., smelting flue dust and coal fly ashes). Indeed, over 30% of global Ge consumed come from recycling processes. The recovery of Ge from sulfide ores is mostly based on hydrometallurgical processes followed by a number of mass transfer techniques to concentrate Ge (e.g., solvent extraction). However, environmental-friendly extraction methods of Ge from coal fly ashes and copper smelting flue dust have recently been proposed in order to reduce environmental impacts. In addition, novel processes based on absorption of Ge with ribbon grass have become an interesting option not only to produce Ge but also to boost soil decontamination and biogas production. This chapter presents a general description of Ge occurrence, associations, and chemistry as well as a review of the current and novel recovery processes of Ge. The main sources of Ge and its main industrial applications are also discussed.

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Section: Germanium-bearing Minerals and Residuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Germanium-bearing Minerals and Residuesmentioning

confidence: 99%