Gestalt Psychology Today

Köhler, Wolfgang

doi:10.1525/9780520313514-002

Cited by 224 publications

(299 citation statements)

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“…Some studies have integrated scene related factors with the human tendency for top-down cues, such as face, objects detectors, and the center bias. A boolean map based model [30] was recently developed based on Gestalt psychological studies [17], and outperformed other state-of-the-art models on saliency related datasets. However, these models do not take into account developmental studies reporting that bottom-up processing is dominanting during early development while the ifluences of top-down processing increase with increasing age [27], [31], [32], [33].…”

Section: Bottom-up Features Based Models Itti Et Al's Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some researchers integrated the maps linearly whereas others used non-linear techniques to combine them [11], [12]. The next set of saliency models [14], [15] were based on top-down factors, which are, the given task [16], human tendency [17], habituation and conditioning [18], and emotions [19] as these factors are closely related to visual attention during scene viewing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gaze distribution analysis and saliency prediction across age groups

et al. 2018

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Knowledge of the human visual system helps to develop better computational models of visual attention. State-of-the-art models have been developed to mimic the visual attention system of young adults that, however, largely ignore the variations that occur with age. In this paper, we investigated how visual scene processing changes with age and we propose an age-adapted framework that helps to develop a computational model that can predict saliency across different age groups. Our analysis uncovers how the explorativeness of an observer varies with age, how well saliency maps of an age group agree with fixation points of observers from the same or different age groups, and how age influences the center bias tendency. We analyzed the eye movement behavior of 82 observers belonging to four age groups while they explored visual scenes. Explorative- ness was quantified in terms of the entropy of a saliency map, and area under the curve (AUC) metrics was used to quantify the agreement analysis and the center bias tendency. Analysis results were used to develop age adapted saliency models. Our results suggest that the proposed age-adapted saliency model outperforms existing saliency models in predicting the regions of interest across age groups.

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Section: Bottom-up Features Based Models Itti Et Al's Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaze distribution analysis and saliency prediction across age groups

et al. 2018

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“…Thus, we may hypothesize more generally that our entire cognition is based on anapoiesis: An arrival at a Gestalt of a percept (Köhler 1929), attention successfully directed (Treisman 1980;Posner & Petersen 1990), 30 stimulus recognized (Furmanski & Engel 2000), object mentally rotated (Kosslyn et al 1998), a logical conclusion inferred (Clark 1969), a decision reached (Bellman & Zadeh 1970), a problem solved (Sternberg & Davidson 1995;Jung-Beeman et al 2004)-may all be end-results of anapoiesis. In cognitive science, the outcomes of these activities are operationalized as working memory contents, focus of attention, recall, imagination, expectancies, biases, accumulation of evidence, etc.…”

Section: Anapoietic Cognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Practopoiesis: Or how life fosters a mind

Nikolić

2015

Journal of Theoretical Biology

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The mind is a biological phenomenon. Thus, biological principles of organization should also be the principles underlying mental operations. Practopoiesis states that the key for achieving intelligence through adaptation is an arrangement in which mechanisms laying at a lower level of organization, by their operations and interaction with the environment, enable creation of mechanisms laying at a higher level of organization. When such an organizational advance of a system occurs, it is called a traverse. A case of traverse is when plasticity mechanisms (at a lower level of organization), by their operations, create a neural network anatomy (at a higher level of organization). Another case is the actual production of behavior by that network, whereby the mechanisms of neuronal activity operate to create motor actions. Practopoietic theory explains why the adaptability of a system increases with each increase in the number of traverses. With a larger number of traverses, a system can be relatively small and yet, produce a higher degree of adaptive/intelligent behavior than a system with a lower number of traverses. The present analyses indicate that the two well-known traverses - neural plasticity and neural activity - are not sufficient to explain human mental capabilities. At least one additional traverse is needed, which is named anapoiesis for its contribution in reconstructing knowledge e.g., from long-term memory into working memory. The conclusions bear implications for brain theory, the mind-body explanatory gap, and developments of artificial intelligence technologies.

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“…The first attempts to formalize rules of perception go back to the Gestalt psychologists, as for example Wertheimer [83], Kohler [50], Koffka [49]. They formulated some geometric laws accounting for perceptual phenomena, taking into account different features like position but also brightness, orientation and scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%