Gestational surrogacy in Australia 2004-2011: treatment, pregnancy and birth outcomes

Wang, Alex; Dill, Sandra; Bowman, Mark; Sullivan, Elizabeth A.

doi:10.1111/ajo.12451

Cited by 17 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In surrogacy, a third party is used as a pregnancy carrier who becomes pregnant for an intended couple. [ 4 ] This third party, who is the surrogate mother, becomes pregnant with the knowledge that she must delegate all parental rights to parents who own the fetus. [ 5 ] The most common indications of the surrogacy include the uterine absence, recurrent pregnancy loss, recurrent in vitro fertilization (IVF) failure, dangerous obstetric and medical conditions result in high-risk pregnancy.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A reproductive health-care program for surrogate mothers

Kohan

Oloonabadi

Farajzadegan

et al. 2022

Journal of Education and Health Promotion

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Background: Surrogacy has become an alternative family formation option for women who are unable to carry a pregnancy. There is no comprehensive care program despite the different nature of this pregnancy. The present study aimed to develop a reproductive health care program for surrogate mothers within the cultural and social context of Iran.Methods: In the present sequential exploratory mixed methods study, rst through a qualitative approach surrogate mothers, care providers, and policy makers of reproductive health services were selected purposefully. Data were collected by using the in-depth semi-structured interviews and analyzed. A care program draft was designed by integrating results of the qualitative study and reviewing the literature and guidelines, then appropriateness of each proposed care was assessed by a two-rounds Delphi technique (RAM) and the nal reproductive health care program for surrogate mothers was developed.Results: The surrogate mothers' reproductive health needs were summarized in four main categories: surrogate mothers' extra care, educational training, psychological support, and protecting against surrogacy`s social and familial consequences. The reproductive health care program for surrogate mothers were developed in four sections: pre-pregnancy health screenings and legal counseling; special care during embryo transfer until pregnancy con rmation; psychological support and prenatal care of surrogacy until delivery and follow-up postpartum care.Discussion: Women face many challenges in surrogacy and need special cares such as legal counseling, reproductive health care, and psychological support. Implementation of this care program seems to help improve the reproductive health of these mothers.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A reproductive health-care program for surrogate mothers

Kohan

Oloonabadi

Farajzadegan

et al. 2022

Journal of Education and Health Promotion

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“… 104 105 Also, double embryo transfers are quite common in surrogate processes, because it is usually cheaper than having two separate pregnancies, resulting in more multiple pregnancies. 106 107 108 109 In addition, it is believed that cesarean section rates are high among surrogates, not only because IPs may ask for it, but also because low-income surrogates receive medical care in private clinics while in other situation they would be treated in public health systems. 110 Candidates to |GC are often quite misinformed about the procedure and lack of psychological and legal support.…”

Section: Ethical Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Commercial Surrogacy: An Overview

Brandão

Garrido

2022

Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet

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Objective Surrogacy is the process in which a woman carries and delivers a baby to other person or couple, known as intended parents. When carriers are paid for surrogacy, this is known as commercial surrogacy. The objective of the present work is to review the legal, ethical, social, and cultural aspects of commercial surrogacy, as well as the current panorama worldwide. Methods This is a review of the literature published in the 21st century on commercial surrogacy. Results A total of 248 articles were included as the core of the present review. The demand for surrogate treatments by women without uterus or with important uterine disorders, single men and same-sex male couples is constantly increasing worldwide. This reproductive treatment has important ethical dilemmas. In addition, legislation defers widely worldwide and is in constant change. Therefore, patients look more and more for treatments abroad, which can lead to important legal problems between countries with different laws. Commercial surrogacy is practiced in several countries, in most of which there is no specific legislation. Some countries have taken restrictive measures against this technique because of reports of exploitation of carriers. Conclusion Commercial surrogacy is a common practice, despite important ethical and legal dilemmas. As a consequence of diverse national legislations, patients frequently resort to international commercial surrogacy programs. As of today, there is no standard international legal context, and this practice remains largely unregulated.

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“…The number of the embryos transferred is characterized by controversy and debate. Numerous studies support the elective single embryo transfer (eSET), especially in cases of surrogacy, as the most efficient approach to limit multiple gestation and preterm birth, which are both accompanied by adverse perinatal and neonatal outcomes [ 4 , 7 , 36 ]. The elective single embryo transfer is embraced universally as the optimal method associated with the best perinatal and neonatal outcomes.…”

Section: Risk Factors Regarding the Preimplantation Embryo Of A Sumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contradiction to natural conceptions, pregnancies deriving from ART cycles—including surrogacy cycles—may be related to increased risk of perinatal complications. It has been indicated that the perinatal outcomes of gestational surrogacy in comparison to autologous IVF report no major increase in the risks of preterm birth, live birth rate, and congenital anomalies [ 4 ]. In addition to that, it was contemplated that oocyte donation demonstrates poor fetal immunological adjustment to allogeneic antigen.…”

Section: Risk Factors Related To the Gestation And The Fetusmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risks in Surrogacy Considering the Embryo: From the Preimplantation to the Gestational and Neonatal Period

Simopoulou

Sfakianoudis²,

Tsioulou

et al. 2018

BioMed Research International

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Surrogacy is an assisted reproduction-based approach in which the intended parents assign the gestation and birth to another woman called the surrogate mother. The drivers of surrogacy refer largely to infertility, medical conditions, same-sex couples' parenting, and cases of diversity regarding sexual identity and orientation. Surrogacy consists of a valid option for a variety of conditions or circumstances ranging from medical to social reasons. However, surrogacy may be associated with risks during the preimplantation, prenatal, and neonatal period. It became obvious during the exhaustive literature research that data on surrogacy and its association with factors specific to the IVF practice and the options available were not fully represented. Could it be that surrogacy management adds another level of complexity to the process from the ovarian stimulation, the subsequent IVF cycle, and the techniques employed within the IVF and the Genetic Laboratory to the fetal, perinatal, and neonatal period? This work emphasizes the risks associated with surrogacy with respect to the preimplantation embryo, the fetus, and the infant. Moreover, it further calls for larger studies reporting on surrogacy and comparing the surrogate management to that of the routine IVF patient in order to avoid suboptimal management of a surrogate cycle. This is of particular importance in light of the fact that the surrogate cycle may include not only the surrogate but also the egg donor, sperm donor, and the commissioning couple or single person.

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Gestational surrogacy in Australia 2004-2011: treatment, pregnancy and birth outcomes

Abstract: To avoid adverse outcomes for both carriers and babies, SET should be advocated in all gestational surrogacy arrangements.

Cited by 17 publications

References 14 publications

A reproductive health-care program for surrogate mothers

A reproductive health-care program for surrogate mothers

Commercial Surrogacy: An Overview

Risks in Surrogacy Considering the Embryo: From the Preimplantation to the Gestational and Neonatal Period

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