“…Therefore, from the perspective of traditional theoretical models that seek incentives to conduct R&D in terms of the bene ts of technological anticipation, the provision of knowledge and technology to other rms is a corporate behavior that is di cult to understand (Gilbert & Newbery, 1982;Reinganum, 1983). In this context, recent empirical studies on outbound have increased (e.g., Anado & Khanna, 2000;Takechi, 2008;Nagaoka, 2009;Lichtenthaler, 2010;Dang & Motohashi, 2014). The strength of these rms is that they can create new business models.…”