Getting the balance right: Established and emerging therapies for major depressive disorders

Perović, Bojana; Jovanović, Marija; Miljković, Branislava; Vezmar, Sandra

doi:10.2147/ndt.s10485

Cited by 3 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 205 publications

(402 reference statements)

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“… 10 , 11 Other possible disease mechanisms that have been suggested include changes in glutamatergic neurotransmission, reduced neurotransmission of gamma-butyric acid, abnormal circadian rhythms, deficient neurosteroid synthesis, impaired endogenous opioid function, acetylcholine imbalance, tyroxine abnormalities, and dysfunction of specific brain structures and circuits. 12 In spite of these new hypotheses, one of the oldest, the monoamine hypothesis which postulates a deficiency of serotonin (5-HT) and/or norepinephrine (NE) neurotransmission in the brain, 13 , 14 is still driving clinical development of new antidepressants. Virtually all currently available antidepressants act on one or more mechanisms compatible with the monoamine hypothesis: inhibition of reuptake of 5-HT or NE; antagonism of presynaptic inhibitory 5-HT or NE receptors; or inhibition of monoamine oxidase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of norepinephrine in depression

Moret¹,

Briley²

2011

NDT

177

108

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Depression is one of the most common psychological diseases with significant potential morbidity and mortality. Although the underlying pathophysiology of depression has not been clearly defined, preclinical and clinical evidence suggest disturbances in serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) neurotransmission in the central nervous system. Virtually all currently available antidepressants act on one or more of the following mechanisms: inhibition of reuptake of 5-HT or NE (and DA), antagonism of inhibitory presynaptic 5-HT or NE receptors, or inhibition of monoamine oxidase. All of these mechanisms result in an enhanced neurotransmission of 5-HT and/or NE. Evidence for the involvement of NE in depression is abundant, and recent studies on neuronal pathways and symptoms highlight the specific role of NE in this disorder. NE plays a determinant role in executive functioning regulating cognition, motivation, and intellect, which are fundamental in social relationships. Social dysfunction is possibly one of the most important factors affecting the quality of life in depressed patients.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of norepinephrine in depression

Moret¹,

Briley²

2011

NDT

177

108

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An Adrenal Mass and Increased Catecholamines: Monoamine Oxidase or Pheochromocytoma Effect?

et al. 2015

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Hormonal evaluation in patients with an adrenal incidentaloma can be difficult in patients with comorbidities or in patients using interfering drugs. We present a case of a 54-year-old man who was evaluated for an adrenal mass. The medical history reported treatment with a monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor for recurrent psychoses. Hormonal screening showed elevated levels of normetanephrine and metanephrine in plasma and urine, suggesting a diagnosis of pheochromocytoma (PHEO), and an adrenalectomy was performed. Histologic examination showed that the tumor had an origin of the adrenal cortex. MAO inhibitors are also known to cause elevated levels of catecholamines. In this case, a PHEO seemed more likely the cause due to repeatedly elevated levels of metanephrines and normal levels of catecholamines. Since the tumor had an origin of the adrenal cortex, the use of MAO inhibitors was the most likely explanation for the elevated levels of metanephrines. This case illustrated the difficulties in diagnosing PHEO, especially in patients with comorbidities and interfering drugs.

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Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of an ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Hilleria latifolia (Lam.) H. Walt. in mice

Woode¹,

Abotsi²,

Mensah³

2011

J Nat Pharm

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Background: Anxiety and depression remain the most common psychiatric disorders affecting man. To date, the effi cacy of the drugs for these conditions is very limited and requires the search for newer, bettertolerated, and more effi cacious treatments. The present study evaluated the anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like effects of the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Hilleria latifolia (HLE) in murine models. Materials and Methods: The ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Hilleria latifolia was evaluated in various behavioral paradigms -elevated plus maze (EPM), the light / dark box, open fi eld test, forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST), and beam walk test -to establish the anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like effects. Results: HLE (10 -300 mg kg -1 , p.o.) displayed anxiolytic-like activity similar to diazepam, in all the anxiety models used, by signifi cantly increasing the number of transitions and time spent in the lit area of the light / dark box, as well as signifi cantly increasing open arm entries, percentage open arm entries, and percentage open arm time in the EPM. The extract (10 -300 mg kg -1 , p.o.) also exhibited antidepressant-like effects by reducing the duration of immobility in both the FST and TST. The extract (10 -300 mg kg -1 , p.o.), however, did not signifi cantly modify locomotor activity in the open fi eld test or impair motor performance in the beam walk test. Conclusions: The results suggest that the extract has anxiolytic-and antidepressant-like effects. It may be worthwhile isolating the constituents for further studies.

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Getting the balance right: Established and emerging therapies for major depressive disorders

Cited by 3 publications

References 205 publications

The importance of norepinephrine in depression

The importance of norepinephrine in depression

An Adrenal Mass and Increased Catecholamines: Monoamine Oxidase or Pheochromocytoma Effect?

Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of an ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of Hilleria latifolia (Lam.) H. Walt. in mice

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