Getting the Proto-Pax by the Tail

Vorobyov, Eugene; Horst, Jiirgen

doi:10.1007/s00239-005-0163-7

Cited by 27 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…However, the PAX genes in particular are present only in the animal lineage of eukaryotes; they have not been found in unicellular eukaryotes, fungi, plants nor in prokaryotes [59]. This lineage-specificity of PAX genes stands in stark contrast to the widespread distribution of the Class II family of DNA-type elements to which Tc1 elements belong.…”

Section: A New Framework Is Neededmentioning

confidence: 98%

Exaptation of Protein Coding Sequences from Transposable Elements

Bowen

Jordan²

2007

Genome Dynamics

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The activity of transposable elements (TEs) has had a profound impact on the evolution of eukaryotic genomes. Once thought to be purely selfish genomic entities, TEs are now recognized to occupy a continuum of relationships, ranging from parasitic to mutualistic, with their host genomes. One of the many ways that TEs contribute to the function and evolution of the genomes in which they reside is through the donation of host protein coding sequences (CDSs). In this chapter, we will describe several notable examples of eukaryotic host CDSs that are derived from TEs. Despite the existence of a number of such well-established cases, the overall extent and significance of this phenomenon remains a matter of controversy. Genome-scale computational analyses have yielded vastly different estimates for the fraction of host CDSs that are derived from TEs. We explain how these seemingly contradictory findings are the result of specific ascertainment biases introduced by the different methods used to detect TE-related sequences. In light of this problem, we propose a comprehensive and systematic framework for definitively characterizing the contribution of TEs to eukaryotic CDSs.

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Section: A New Framework Is Neededmentioning

confidence: 98%

Exaptation of Protein Coding Sequences from Transposable Elements

Bowen

Jordan²

2007

Genome Dynamics

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“…Pax genes encode a family of highly conserved transcription factors characterized by the presence of a paired domain that confers sequence-specific binding to DNA; in addition, Pax transcription factors may also have an octapeptide motif and part or all of a homeobox DNA-binding domain (Balczarek et al, 1997; Chi and Epstein, 2002; Vorobyov and Horst, 2006; Lang et al, 2007; Wang et al, 2010). This family shows a high degree of evolutionary conservation throughout diverse lineages of metazoans, making it an ideal system to address relationships inside chordate phylum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conserved localization of Pax6 and Pax7 transcripts in the brain of representatives of sarcopterygian vertebrates during development supports homologous brain regionalization

et al. 2014

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Many of the genes involved in brain patterning during development are highly conserved in vertebrates and similarities in their expression patterns help to recognize homologous cell types or brain regions. Among these genes, Pax6 and Pax7 are expressed in regionally restricted patterns in the brain and are essential for its development. In the present immunohistochemical study we analyzed the distribution of Pax6 and Pax7 cells in the brain of six representative species of tetrapods and lungfishes, the closest living relatives of tetrapods, at several developmental stages. The distribution patterns of these transcription factors were largely comparable across species. In all species only Pax6 was expressed in the telencephalon, including the olfactory bulbs, septum, striatum, and amygdaloid complex. In the diencephalon, Pax6 and Pax7 were distinct in the alar and basal parts, mainly in prosomeres 1 and 3. Pax7 specifically labeled cells in the optic tectum (superior colliculus) and Pax6, but not Pax7, cells were found in the tegmentum. Pax6 was found in most granule cells of the cerebellum and Pax7 labeling was detected in cells of the ventricular zone of the rostral alar plate and in migrated cells in the basal plate, including the griseum centrale and the interpeduncular nucleus. Caudally, Pax6 cells formed a column, whereas the ventricular zone of the alar plate expressed Pax7. Since the observed Pax6 and Pax7 expression patterns are largely conserved they can be used to identify subdivisions in the brain across vertebrates that are not clearly discernible with classical techniques.

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“…The factor Pax7 is a member of a larger family of Pax transcription factors involved in cell type and organ determination during embryogenesis of multicellular animals. The Pax proteins are characterized by several conserved elements, including 2 DNA-binding domains, a paired domain, and a homeodomain (Barber et al, 1999;Vorobyov and Horst, 2006). The paralog of Pax7, Pax3, is also expressed by resident satellite cells, but Pax3 transcripts are detected at a relative high level only in certain muscle types, such as the diaphragm Day et al, 2007).…”

Section: Satellite Cells Express the Paired Box Transcription Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

Defining the transcriptional signature of skeletal muscle stem cells1,2

Yablonka–Reuveni

Day

Vine

et al. 2008

Journal of Animal Science

114

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Satellite cells, the main source of myoblasts in postnatal muscle, are located beneath the myofiber basal lamina. The myogenic potential of satellite cells was initially documented based on their capacity to produce progeny that fused into myotubes. More recently, molecular markers of resident satellite cells were identified, further contributing to defining these cells as myogenic stem cells that produce differentiating progeny and self-renew. Herein, we discuss aspects of the satellite cell transcriptional milieu that have been intensively investigated in our research. We elaborate on the expression patterns of the paired box (Pax) transcription factors Pax3 and Pax7, and on the myogenic regulatory factors myogenic factor 5 (Myf5), myogenic determination factor 1 (MyoD), and myogenin. We also introduce original data on MyoD upregulation in newly activated satellite cells, which precedes the first round of cell proliferation. Such MyoD upregulation occurred even when parent myofibers with their associated satellite cells were exposed to pharmacological inhibitors of hepatocyte growth factor and fibroblast growth factor receptors, which are typically involved in promoting satellite cell proliferation. These observations support the hypothesis that most satellite cells in adult muscle are committed to rapidly entering myogenesis. We also detected expression of serum response factor in resident satellite cells prior to MyoD expression, which may facilitate the rapid upregulation of MyoD. Aspects of satellite cell self-renewal based on the reemergence of cells expressing Pax7, but not MyoD, in myogenic cultures are discussed further herein. We conclude by describing our recent studies using transgenic mice in which satellite cells are traced and isolated based on their expression of green fluorescence protein driven by regulatory elements of the nestin promoter (nestin-green fluorescence protein). This feature provides us with a novel means of studying satellite cell transcriptional signatures, heterogeneity among muscle groups, and the role of the myogenic niche in directing satellite cell self-renewal.

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Getting the Proto-Pax by the Tail

Cited by 27 publications

References 39 publications

Exaptation of Protein Coding Sequences from Transposable Elements

Exaptation of Protein Coding Sequences from Transposable Elements

Conserved localization of Pax6 and Pax7 transcripts in the brain of representatives of sarcopterygian vertebrates during development supports homologous brain regionalization

Defining the transcriptional signature of skeletal muscle stem cells1,2

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