Giant Cell Arteritis Presenting as Bilateral Cotton Wool Spots

Abstract

An 81-year-old Afro-Caribbean woman presented with a two-week history of a dull headache in her temples, jaw claudication especially when chewing food, and reduced vision in her eyes, more pronounced in the right eye. There was no past medical or family history of hypothyroidism or autoimmunity. On examination, the vision was counting fingers in the right eye and 6/36 in the left eye, best corrected. Dilated fundus examination revealed multiple peripapillary cotton wool spots in both eyes though more pronounced in the right. Her erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was 120 mm/h, and her C-reactive protein (CRP) level was 79 mg/L. A temporal artery ultrasound scan was undertaken immediately which demonstrated a halo sign around both temporal arteries and so a giant cell arteritis (GCA) diagnosis was made. The patient was commenced on daily high-dose IV methylprednisolone 1 g for three days and referred to the rheumatology team. Her vision improved to 1/60 right and 6/9 left eye best corrected at three days post-treatment. At 12 months after the initial presentation, her vision stabilized at 6/60 in the right and 6/6 with complete visual fields in the left eye. Cotton wool spots can be a sign of GCA. Their appearance with or without characteristic systemic symptoms should prompt urgent evaluation.