Gills are an initial target of zinc oxide nanoparticles in oysters Crassostrea gigas, leading to mitochondrial disruption and oxidative stress

Tissue specific responses to cadmium-based quantum dots in the marine mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis

“…Higher ENP concentrations were found in the digestive gland compared to gills from bivalves exposed to different ENPs, such as fullerenes, Au NPs, Ag NPs, CuO NPs and CdTe QDs (Tedesco et al, 2010;Al-Subiai et al, 2012;Gomes et al, 2012;McCarthy et al, 2013;Rocha et al, 2015a). This differential tissue accumulation was related to highly developed processes for the cellular internalization of nano-and microscale particles (endocytosis and phagocytosis) in the digestive gland cells (Moore et al, 2006;Canesi et al, 2012), nevertheless it has been demonstrated that gills can also be a main target for ENPs (Koehler et al, 2008;Trevisan et al, 2014). Thereby, more studies are required to investigate the tissue-specific differences in ENP toxicity, which are essential elements to understand their MoA and nano-specific effects in aquatic organisms.…”

Ecotoxicity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in the Marine Environment

“…) [24] was much higher than the predicted environment concentration of ZnO-NPs in natural surface water (1-10 ng L…”

“…After the marine oysters C. gigas were exposed to ZnO-NPs, they accumulated the nanoparticles inside vesicles in their gills and digestive gland tissues [24]. The adsorbed or the ingested ZnO-NPs could continuously release zinc ions and/or ROS, causing oxidative stresses, or biotransformation of the nanoparticles inside the organisms [24]. Although there is no systematic study on such a mode of toxic action up to now, these particleinduced mechanisms cannot be ignored.…”

“…Larvae of the brine shrimp Artemia salina were unable to excrete the ingested nanoparticles under waterborne exposure to ZnO-NPs [28]. After the marine oysters C. gigas were exposed to ZnO-NPs, they accumulated the nanoparticles inside vesicles in their gills and digestive gland tissues [24]. The adsorbed or the ingested ZnO-NPs could continuously release zinc ions and/or ROS, causing oxidative stresses, or biotransformation of the nanoparticles inside the organisms [24].…”

“…Exposure of ZnO-NPs (about 30 nm) to the oyster Crassostrea gigas caused an accumulation of zinc in gills and later in their digestive gland, which resulted in mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress [24]. The zinc burden could occur by both endocytosis of ZnO-NPs and uptake of soluble zinc.…”