Gingival changes during pregnancy: III. Impact of clinical, microbiological, immunological and socio‐demographic factors on gingival inflammation

Abstract

Bacterial challenge to the gingival tissues, both quantitatively (PlI) and qualitatively (harbouring P. gingivalis) appears to affect the level of gingival inflammation observed during pregnancy.

Expression of IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α, and iNOS in pregnant women with periodontal disease

“…Various studies have suggested a relationship between the progression of periodontitis and the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in gingival crevicular fluid, gingival tissue, and blood with regard to both the protein and messenger RNA (mRNA) levels (Kendall et al, 2000;Lappin et al, 2000;Bickel et al, 2001;Hirose et al, 2001;Ejeil et al, 2003;Faizuddin et al, 2003;Figuero et al, 2010;Carrillo-de-Albornoz et al, 2012). However, only a few human studies have investigated the association between increased gingival inflammation during pregnancy and local immune system changes (Figuero et al, 2010;Carrillo-de-Albornoz et al, 2012).…”

“…However, only a few human studies have investigated the association between increased gingival inflammation during pregnancy and local immune system changes (Figuero et al, 2010;Carrillo-de-Albornoz et al, 2012).…”

Porphyromonas gingivalis infection in gestational diabetes mellitus and survival in tobacco smokers.

“…In an animal model, P. gingivalis-derived LPS infected pregnant mice exhibited reduced fetal weight and increased fetal resorption [244]. Another periodontal pathogen, T. denticola has also been associated with pregnancy complications and poor pregnancy outcome [221,222,243,245]. In a mouse model, it has been shown that T. denticola has an ability to disseminate to distant sites from the site of infection [246].…”

“…gingivalis [243]. In an animal model, P. gingivalis-derived LPS infected pregnant mice exhibited reduced fetal weight and increased fetal resorption [244].…”

“…Gingivitis is a bacterial-induced disease and specific dental plaque pathogens, including P. gingivalis and Treponema denticola, have been associated with poor pregnancy outcomes [221,222,240,243,245]. Furthermore, poor glycemic control has been reported to result in increased subgingival infection with these same two pathogens [230].…”