Ginkgo Biloba

Woerdenbag, H. J.; Beek, T.A. van

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-60367-9_6

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…While G biloba leaves may cause mild GI tract irritation, no serious adverse effects have been noted in human or animal trials, including no mutagenicity or teratogenicity. 64 In contrast, G biloba seeds can cause fatal neurologic and allergic reactions and are not used medicinally. 64 Patients should use the extract studied in all reported clinical trials, Egb 761.…”

Section: Ginkgo Bilobamentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of 12 Commonly Used Medicinal Herbs

O’Hara

Kiefer²,

Farrell³

et al. 1998

Archives of Family Medicine

398

222

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A large and increasing number of patients use medicinal herbs or seek the advice of their physician regarding their use. More than one third of Americans use herbs for health purposes, yet patients (and physicians) often lack accurate information about the safety and efficacy of herbal remedies. Burgeoning interest in medicinal herbs has increased scientific scrutiny of their therapeutic potential and safety, thereby providing physicians with data to help patients make wise decisions about their use. This article provides a review of the data on 12 of the most commonly used herbs in the United States. In addition, we provide practical information and guidelines for the judicious use of medicinal herbs.

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Section: Ginkgo Bilobamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…64 In contrast, G biloba seeds can cause fatal neurologic and allergic reactions and are not used medicinally. 64 Patients should use the extract studied in all reported clinical trials, Egb 761. The dose is 40 mg 3 times per day or 80 mg twice per day of an extract standardized to 24% flavanoid glycoside and 6% terpenoids.…”

Section: Ginkgo Bilobamentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of 12 Commonly Used Medicinal Herbs

O’Hara

Kiefer²,

Farrell³

et al. 1998

Archives of Family Medicine

398

222

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The alkyl phenols are eliminated during the multistep process of the standardized EGb 761 ® preparation. They are separated and removed from the primary acetone extract as insoluble compounds (decanter sludge) [ 10 , 11 ]. These compounds are known to inhibit the enzymatic activity of lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, aldose reductase, glucosidase and tyrosinase.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginkgolic acids inhibit migration in breast cancer cells by inhibition of NEMO sumoylation and NF-κB activity

Hamdoun

Efferth

2017

Oncotarget

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Ginkgolic acids (GA), a group of alkyl phenols found in crude extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves, are known to have anticancer activity, but their mode of action is not well understood. Our aim in this study was to investigate the anti-migratory activity of seven GA against breast cancer cells and to determine the molecular mechanism behind this activity. All seven GA and their mixture inhibited wound healing in MCF-7 and MDA-MB 231 breast cancer cells. None of the compounds nor the mixture showed cytotoxicity towards the two cell lines, if tested by the resazurin assay. C13:0 inhibited NF-κB activity in the HEK Blue Null 1 reporter cell line. Furthermore, C13:0 inhibited degradation of nuclear factor of κ-light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor α (IκBα). Sumoylation assay revealed that GA inhibited sumoylation of NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO). Molecular docking on SUMO-activating enzyme E1 showed that the seven GA bound to the active adenylation site with high calculated affinities ranging from -10.28 to -12.27 kcal/mol. Quantitative RT-PCR using C15:0, C13:0 and the mixture showed a significant down-regulation of urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). We conclude that GA revealed considerable anti-migratory activity at non-cytotoxic concentrations, indicating anti-metastatic activity with low toxicity. This effect can be explained by the inhibition of NEMO sumoylation leading to inhibition of IκBα degradation and consequently a reduction of NF-κB activity, leading to the down-regulation of metastasis related genes including uPA, PAI-1, CXCR4, and MMP-9.

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“…1). [3][4] This kind of variation could be due to differences in the raw ginkgo leaves 5 but more likely resulted from the different extraction, purification and concentration techniques used by different manufacturers, 6 because the quality of a GBE product is highly dependent on the manufacturing process.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%