Ginsenoside Compound K Regulates Amyloid β via the Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathway in Mice with Scopolamine Hydrobromide-Induced Memory Impairments

Yang, Qing; Lin, Jianan; Zhang, Huiyuan; Liu, Yingna; Kan, Mo; Xiu, Zhiru; Chen, Xijun; Lan, Xingcheng; Li, Xiaohua; Shi, Xinjian; Li, Na; Qu, Xiaobo

doi:10.1007/s12031-018-1210-3

Cited by 51 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Concerning this, CK was found to enhance memory function, reduce Aβ expression and aggregation, and neuronal apoptosis by activating the Nrf2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 signaling pathway in ICR mice with diminished memory. Furthermore, the defensive effects were also due to the activation of the antioxidant system [ 98 ]. Likewise, the influence of the CK was elucidated using Aβ peptide-induced HT22 cells by improving viability, growth, and apoptosis of HT22 cells, as well as localization and expression of Aβ peptide in cells.…”

Section: Health-promoting Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities

Sharma

Lee

2020

Biomolecules

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Ginseng (Panax ginseng) is an herb popular for its medicinal and health properties. Compound K (CK) is a secondary ginsenoside biotransformed from major ginsenosides. Compound K is more bioavailable and soluble than its parent ginsenosides and hence of immense importance. The review summarizes health-promoting in vitro and in vivo studies of CK between 2015 and 2020, including hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, anti-aging/skin protective, and others. Clinical trial data are minimal and are primarily based on CK-rich fermented ginseng. Besides, numerous preclinical and clinical studies indicating the pharmacokinetic behavior of CK, its parent compound (Rb1), and processed ginseng extracts are also summarized. With the limited evidence available from animal and clinical studies, it can be stated that CK is safe and well-tolerated. However, lower water solubility, membrane permeability, and efflux significantly diminish the efficacy of CK and restrict its clinical application. We found that the use of nanocarriers and cyclodextrin for CK delivery could overcome these limitations as well as improve the health benefits associated with them. However, these derivatives have not been clinically evaluated, thus requiring a safety assessment for human therapy application. Future studies should be aimed at investigating clinical evidence of CK.

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Section: Health-promoting Activitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities

Sharma

Lee

2020

Biomolecules

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“…Yang et al (137) investigated the neuroprotective and antioxidant effects of ginsenoside compound K (CK) on a mouse model of memory impairment induced by scopolamine hydrobromide. It should be noted that protopanaxadiol saponin is degraded by the intestinal flora into ginsenoside CK (20- O -β-D-glucopyranosyl-20-(S)-protopanaxadiol) (CK).…”

Section: Ginsenosides and Individuals With Alzheimer's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been proven that ginsenoside CK improves memory function, inhibits the expression of Aβ and activates the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway in animals exposed to scopolamine. Based on these results, Yang et al (137) concluded that ginsenoside CK can improve memory function by regulating Aβ aggregation and facilitating the transduction of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway, thereby reducing oxidative damage to neurons and inhibiting neuronal apoptosis. Rg3 is the most effective ginsenoside having an Aβ-lowering effect, and the effect is correlated with the dose of Rg3.…”

Section: Ginsenosides and Individuals With Alzheimer's Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Panax ginseng components and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (Review)

et al. 2019

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Ginseng is one of the main representatives of traditional Chinese medicine and presents a wide range of pharmacological actions. Ginsenosides are the main class of active compounds found in ginseng. They demonstrate unique biological activity and medicinal value, namely antitumour, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as well as anti-apoptotic properties. Increasing levels of stress in life are responsible for the increased incidence of nervous system diseases. Neurological diseases create a huge burden on the lives and health of individuals. In recent years, studies have indicated that ginsenosides play a pronounced positive role in the prevention and treatment of neurological diseases. Nevertheless, research is still at an early stage of development, and the complex mechanisms of action involved remain largely unknown. This review aimed to shed light into what is currently known about the mechanisms of action of ginsenosides in relation to Alzheimer's disease. Scientific material and theoretical bases for the treatment of nervous system diseases with purified Panax ginseng extracts are also discussed.

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“…It has been reported that ginseng root, its enriched fractions, and isolated bioactive compounds can attenuate SCP-induced memory impairment in experimental animals (16,18,25–30). Protection of the cholinergic nervous system via antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions is associated with the pharmacological effect of ginseng root in animals with SCP-induced amnesia (16,25,26,28). However, the effects of ginseng berries on memory impairment remain poorly understood.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ginseng berry aqueous extract prevents scopolamine‑induced memory impairment in mice

Chun²,

Kim³

et al. 2019

Exp Ther Med

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Ginseng berry exhibits a diverse range of pharmacological activities. The present study aimed to examine the neuroprotective effects of ginseng berry aqueous extract (GBE) against oxidative stress and to assess the impact of GBE on memory impairment in mice. In HT-22 cells, GBE pretreatment significantly inhibited glutamate-and hydrogen peroxide-mediated cytotoxicity in a concentration-dependent manner, while treatment with up to 100 µg/ml GBE alone did not change cell viability. In a murine model of scopolamine (SCP)-induced memory impairment, results from the passive avoidance test and the Morris water maze test indicated that GBE administration for 4 weeks prolonged step-through latency time and shortened escape latency time, suggesting that GBE can attenuate deficits in long-term memory induced by SCP. Additionally, GBE prevented SCP-induced reductions in acetylcholine by decreasing acetylcholinesterase activity and upregulating choline acetyltransferase mRNA levels in the hippocampus. GBE mitigated SCP-mediated mRNA decreases in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and its associated signaling molecules. Furthermore, GBE administration significantly suppressed malondialdehyde production and increased glutathione levels, catalase activity and superoxide dismutase activity in SCP-induced memory impaired mice. Therefore, the results of the current study indicated that ginseng berry may be a potential candidate for treating or preventing memory deficits that are associated with neurodegenerative disorders.

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Ginsenoside Compound K Regulates Amyloid β via the Nrf2/Keap1 Signaling Pathway in Mice with Scopolamine Hydrobromide-Induced Memory Impairments

Cited by 51 publications

References 38 publications

Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities

Ginsenoside Compound K: Insights into Recent Studies on Pharmacokinetics and Health-Promoting Activities

Panax ginseng components and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (Review)

Ginseng berry aqueous extract prevents scopolamine‑induced memory impairment in mice

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