Glenodinium triquetrum Ehrenb. is a species not of Heterocapsa F.Stein but of Kryptoperidinium Er.Lindem. (Kryptoperidiniaceae, Peridiniales)

Gottschling, Marc; Tillmann, Urban; Elbrächter, Malte; Kusber, Wolf‐Henning; Hoppenrath, Mona

doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.391.2.11

Cited by 13 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Pascher (1914);2 Pascher (1927);3 Horiguchi (1984);4 Hoppenrath et al (2014); 5 This study;6 Horiguchi and Pienaar (1994);7 Tamura et al (2005);8 Figueroa et al (2009);9 Gottschling et al (2019).10 It is unknown whether divided non-motile cells transform to swimming cells.…”

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confidence: 90%

Five Non-motile Dinotom Dinoflagellates of the Genus Dinothrix

Yamada¹,

Sakai²,

Onuma³

et al. 2020

Front. Plant Sci.

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Dinothrix paradoxa and Gymnodinium quadrilobatum are benthic dinoflagellates possessing diatom-derived tertiary plastids, so-called dinotoms. Due to the lack of available genetic information, their phylogenetic relationship remains unknown. In this study, sequencing of 18S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) and the rbcL gene from temporary cultures isolated from natural samples revealed that they are close relatives of another dinotom, Galeidinium rugatum. The morphologies of these three dinotoms differ significantly from each other; however, they share a distinctive life cycle, in which the non-motile cells without flagella are their dominant phase. Cell division occurs in this non-motile phase, while swimming cells only appear for several hours after being released from each daughter cell. Furthermore, we succeeded in isolating and establishing two novel dinotom strains, HG180 and HG204, which show a similar life cycle and are phylogenetically closely related to the aforementioned three species. The non-motile cells of strain HG180 are characterized by the possession of a hemispheroidal cell covered with numerous nodes, while those of the strain HG204 form aggregations consisting of spherical smooth-surface cells. Based on the similarity in life cycles and phylogenetic closeness, we conclude that all five species should belong to a single genus, Dinothrix, the oldest genus within this clade. We transferred Ga. rugatum and Gy. quadrilobatum to Dinothrix, and described strains HG180 and HG204 as Dinothrix phymatodea sp. nov. and Dinothrix pseudoparadoxa sp. nov.

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confidence: 90%

Five Non-motile Dinotom Dinoflagellates of the Genus Dinothrix

Yamada¹,

Sakai²,

Onuma³

et al. 2020

Front. Plant Sci.

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“…(Supplementary Data Table S1) 34 . On current knowledge, at least twelve ESD replacements have occurred in dinotoms, and as a result, fourteen different diatom species, belonging to six genera, are utilised as endosymbionts by nineteen dinoflagellate host species (Supplementary Data Table S1) 34–36 . Even though the fact of the frequent ESD replacements indicates that the degrees of integration of the ESDs are not the same in all dinotoms, it has been assumed so far that all dinotoms have established permanent relationships with the ESDs 31,32 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Discovery of a kleptoplastic ‘dinotom’ dinoflagellate and the unique nuclear dynamics of converting kleptoplastids to permanent plastids

Yamada

Bolton

Trobajo³

et al. 2019

Sci Rep

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A monophyletic group of dinoflagellates, called ‘dinotoms’, are known to possess evolutionarily intermediate plastids derived from diatoms. The diatoms maintain their nuclei, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum in addition with their plastids, while it has been observed that the host dinoflagellates retain the diatoms permanently by controlling diatom karyokinesis. Previously, we showed that dinotoms have repeatedly replaced their diatoms. Here, we show the process of replacements is at two different evolutionary stages in two closely related dinotoms, Durinskia capensis and D. kwazulunatalensis . We clarify that D. capensis is a kleptoplastic protist keeping its diatoms temporarily, only for two months. On the other hand, D. kwazulunatalensis is able to keep several diatoms permanently and exhibits unique dynamics to maintain the diatom nuclei: the nuclei change their morphologies into a complex string-shape alongside the plastids during interphase and these string-shaped nuclei then condense into multiple round nuclei when the host divides. These dynamics have been observed in other dinotoms that possess permanent diatoms, while they have never been observed in any other eukaryotes. We suggest that the establishment of this unique mechanism might be a critical step for dinotoms to be able to convert kleptoplastids into permanent plastids.

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“…Strains assigned to Kryptoperidinium have kept their endosymbiont for more than 30 years in cultivation 78 . Nevertheless, cells of Kryptoperidiniaceae with only one stainable nucleus under light microscopy have been mentioned 36 , 52 , 64 , but such reports should be taken with reservation in Kryptoperidinium (not least because of the methodological challenges). All strains of K. triquetrum studied here are bi-nucleate and for the moment, the presence of the diatom nucleus is therefore considered an invariable trait of the species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With respect to the thecal plate pattern of Kryptoperidinium (Table 2 ), there is general consensus in the number of postcingular (i.e., five) and antapical plates (i.e., two) of the hypotheca (as frequently present in peridiniod dinophytes), but varying numbers of epithecal, cingular and sulcal plates have been encountered. However, the comparison of historical reports is hampered, because phylogenetic analyses indicate the existence of two, only distantly related clades of Kryptoperidinium 64 having similar appearance 43 , 52 – 54 . Unfortunately, most previous morphological studies lack corresponding molecular sequence data and hence, it is difficult to distinguish between observational bias and true morphological differences among evolutionarily divergent clades of Kryptoperidinium .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the species’ name was confused in the past 61 . For a long time, the name Kryptoperidinium foliaceum 55 , 62 was applied, but this is now considered a younger heterotypic synonym of Kryptoperidinium triquetrum 63 , 64 . Notably, both taxa have been described from the Baltic Sea off Wismar, but their taxonomic identity remains ambiguous until newly collected material from the type locality has been inspected using the battery of contemporary techniques (i.e., the crucial issue of the present study).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Spatial fragmentation in the distribution of diatom endosymbionts from the taxonomically clarified dinophyte Kryptoperidinium triquetrum (= Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, Peridiniales)

Tillmann

Wietkamp

Kretschmann

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Among the photosynthetically active dinophytes, the Kryptoperidiniaceae are unique in having a diatom as endosymbiont instead of the widely present peridinin chloroplast. Phylogenetically, it is unresolved at present how the endosymbionts are inherited, and the taxonomic identities of two iconic dinophyte names, Kryptoperidinium foliaceum and Kryptoperidinium triquetrum, are also unclear. Multiple strains were newly established from the type locality in the German Baltic Sea off Wismar and inspected using microscopy as well as molecular sequence diagnostics of both host and endosymbiont. All strains were bi-nucleate, shared the same plate formula (i.e., po, X, 4′, 2a, 7′′, 5c, 7s, 5′′′, 2′′′′) and exhibited a narrow and characteristically L-shaped precingular plate 7′′. Within the molecular phylogeny of Bacillariaceae, endosymbionts were scattered over the tree in a highly polyphyletic pattern, even if they were gained from different strains of a single species, namely K. triquetrum. Notably, endosymbionts from the Baltic Sea show molecular sequences distinct from the Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea, which is the first report of such a spatial fragmentation in a planktonic species of dinophytes. The two names K. foliaceum and K. triquetrum are taxonomically clarified by epitypification, with K. triquetrum having priority over its synonym K. foliaceum. Our study underlines the need of stable taxonomy for central questions in evolutionary biology.

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Glenodinium triquetrum Ehrenb. is a species not of Heterocapsa F.Stein but of Kryptoperidinium Er.Lindem. (Kryptoperidiniaceae, Peridiniales)

Abstract: N/A

Cited by 13 publications

References 12 publications

Five Non-motile Dinotom Dinoflagellates of the Genus Dinothrix

Five Non-motile Dinotom Dinoflagellates of the Genus Dinothrix

Discovery of a kleptoplastic ‘dinotom’ dinoflagellate and the unique nuclear dynamics of converting kleptoplastids to permanent plastids

Spatial fragmentation in the distribution of diatom endosymbionts from the taxonomically clarified dinophyte Kryptoperidinium triquetrum (= Kryptoperidinium foliaceum, Peridiniales)

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